Module 10

After the February revolution of 1917:

Leon Trotsky reestablished a soviet that was first organized in 1905 and claimed all legitimate political power for that soviet.

Almost immediately after displacing the provisional government, the Bolsheviks moved to consolidate their power by

moving against all political opposition, including different political parties, in the soviets.

At the Paris Peace Conference beginning in 1919, each of the so-called Big Four was represented by its political leaders, with France being represented by

Georges Clemenceau.

Britain needed manpower so badly that nearly ________ Indian troops served in British forces in various locations.

1.5 million

British military commanders and volunteers believe that the war would be short. They based this on

the general belief that modern weapons made protracted war impossible.

Despite the passage in 1912 of a Home Rule Bill for Catholic Ireland, the outbreak of World War I caused the British government to postpone the law's implementation. The delay

led to the Easter Rebellion of 1916.

During the 1890s, Germany had developed a plan to fight a two-front war. The plan was called

the Schlieffen Plan.

Germany was subjected to many crippling provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, including massive punitive reparations. The eminent British economist _______________ believed that these reparations would actually keep Europe from repairing its own economy.

John Maynard Keynes

In a move that contradicted other British policies, Arthur Balfour sought to gain the support of Jews living in the Middle East and European Zionists by

pledging British support for the creation of a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

In organizing attacks on the Ottoman Turks, the British

encouraged Arab peoples to revolt against the Turks

In the years preceding World War I, Europe was divided into two groups of nation-states, with each group united by treaty. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were opposed by Russia, France, and Great Britain, which were known collectively as

the Triple Entente.

Italy was persuaded to change sides and join the Allies in part because it was promised _____ if the Allies won.

portions of Germany's African colonies

Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks attempted to gain widespread support during 1917 under the slogan

Peace, Land, and Bread, Now."

One of the elements of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points that was taken up during the negotiations for the Versailles Treaty was

the creation of a League of Nations.

Russia had been stunned by early setbacks in 1914, due primarily to problems of equipment, supply, and training. By the end of 1916, it had been brought to the verge of total collapse by

a combination of political ineptitude and military defeat.

The bloodiest battles of World War I occurred during 1916-1917, with the first one being fought at

Verdun

The Bolsheviks ultimately were able to triumph in October 1917 under the leadership of the young, dedicated revolutionary

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.

The most important battle strategically of the First World War which led to trench warfare was:

the First Battle of the Marne.

The spark that ignited the fuse that resulted in the explosion of the First World War was:

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

The Treaty of Versailles ended the German, Austro-Hungarian, and ________ empires.

Ottoman

There were some __________ miles of trenches along the Western Front.

25,000

What was the public motive for Britain's declaration of war in 1914?

the German invasion of neutral Belgium

Which public figure appeared at the Versailles conference as an advocate for the rights of colonial peoples?

Ho Chi Minh

Which weapon was considered the best bet to break the stalemate on the Western Front?

the tank

World War I saw the first use of many new weapons. One of these, poison gas, was particularly devastating due to its

physical and psychological effects.

The Fourteen Points urged nations to reduce armaments to what point?

The lowest point consistent with domestic safety.

According to Whitmore, which of the following did soldiers not endure?

gas

Henri Barbusse's experience in the French army during World War I led him to what belief?

He became a pacifist

Erich Ludendorff argued that the German state failed because it failed to recognize:

That politics is war and war is politics

Membership in the army made clear that all men, regardless of race, religion, or origin, essentially: 

Were alike

From what point of view is the poem In Flanders Fields written?

a dead soldier

To what argument does Norman Angell argue is a profound misreading of human knowledge?

That war is the survival of the fittest

What was Woodrow Wilson's job when he authored "The Fourteen Points"?

He was the President of the United States

What no longer resides in Flanders Fields where the soldiers died?

cattle

What is the universal assumption, as posited by Norman Angell, that led to the armament of Europe leading to WW1?

That all nations desire to expand territorially and pose a threat to each other.

A major lesson Hitler learned from the Spanish Civil War was

the deep reluctance of Britain and France to see another European war.

After the Nazis invaded Russia, allied forces opened a second front in Europe during the summer of 1943, when they invaded

Italy

Contributing to the weakness of the League of Nations was the fact that

Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States were not members.

Defeated by the Germans, northern France was occupied and its southern region and territories fell under the jurisdiction of a government under the leadership of the First World War hero

Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain.

From the late 1930s until 1941, when Germany seized a large territory that had a numerous Jewish population, the German war on the Jews concentrated on emigration, not extermination, with a plan to send Europe's Jews to

Madagascar

Hitler's stated objective in the 1930s was to reunite all ethnic Germans within his Third German Reich. His first move toward accomplishing this objective was _____________, which did not draw a military response from Britain or France.

the reoccupation of the Rhineland

In 1941, Romania, Hungary, and _________ joined Hitler's Germany as allies of the Nazis.

Bulgaria

It was _________ troops that entered and occupied Berlin at the end of the war.

Soviet

It was not only the Germans who tortured and murdered eastern European Jews but also groups of:

Polish villagers.

Once Hitler had pieced together an empire that stretched across Europe, he declared,

"We come as the heralds of a New Order and a new justice."

One cause of another world war was the impotence of the League of Nations and the victors failure to

create lasting and binding standards for peace and security.

The character of the war changed in the east when Russians rallied to defend the

rodina.

The economic nationalism that inflamed international tensions and even internal relations between management and labor stemmed from

the Great Depression.

The German forces in Europe began had begun to retreat in the summer of 1944, but in December 1944 they launched an attack, known as the Battle of _________, that very nearly broke through the Allied lines.

the Bulge

The largest battle in history may have been fought in the summer of 1943 at:

Kursk.

The largest Jewish resistance came in the spring of 1943 at

the Warsaw ghetto.

The leader of the most powerful Yugoslavian resistance group during the war was:

Josib Broz.

The mid-1930s saw two non-European tests for the League of Nations: Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia and:

Japan's aggression against China.

The Treaty of Versailles created smaller new states in eastern Europe that

created new forms of bitterness and nationalistic conflicts.

To solve some of its economic problems, Germany was allowed to

rearm after 1935.

To whom does the term Untermenschen refer?

It referred to the "subhuman" racial categories of Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs marked for murder by Nazi officials in occupied Europe.

When Germany invaded Russia, following German front-line troops into the country were military death squads charged with dealing with undesirable individuals among the conquered peoples. These squads were called

Einsatzgruppen.

Which description best characterizes the Vichy government's treatment of France's Jewish population?

Active anti-Semitism and support of deportation

Why did Neville Chamberlain presume that the agreements at the Munich conference would satisfy Hitler's ambitions?

It allowed Hitler to unify all ethnic Germans in one state.

Writers, intellectuals and politicians on the left saw efforts to negotiate with fascist in the 1930s as

vile.