NU551 Unit 3 Exam

Decrease in cell size.

What is atrophy

Increase in cell size is called

hypertrophy

Increase in cell number.

hyperplasia

Replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type.

What is metaplasia

Disordered cell growth that may become cancerous.

What is dysplasia

Loss of cellular differentiation; hallmark of malignancy.

What is anaplasia

What cellular adaptation occurs in a smoker's bronchus

Columnar ciliated epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium (metaplasia).

What is the most common cause of cell injury

Hypoxia.

Decreased oxygen availability to tissues.

hypoxia

Inadequate blood supply to tissues

Ischemia

Programmed cell death without inflammation.

apoptosis

Uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation.

What is necrosis

What is the key difference between apoptosis and necrosis

Necrosis causes inflammation; apoptosis does not.

Which type of necrosis is associated with myocardial infarction

Coagulative necrosis.

Which type of necrosis is associated with brain infarcts

Liquefactive necrosis.

Which type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis

Caseous necrosis.

Which type of necrosis is associated with pancreatitis

Fat necrosis.

Which type of necrosis occurs with loss of blood supply to an extremity

Gangrenous necrosis.

Moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

sodium-potassium pump

What happens during depolarization

Sodium enters the cell.

What happens during repolarization

Potassium exits the cell.

What is the resting membrane potential

Approximately -70 mV.

Only one abnormal allele is needed for the disorder to occur.

autosomal dominant disorder

What % is the inheritance risk for an autosomal dominant disorder

50%.

Two abnormal alleles are required for the disorder to occur.

autosomal recessive disorder

What is the risk of an affected child when both parents are carriers

25%.

What chromosome pattern is seen in Klinefelter syndrome

XXY.

What chromosome pattern is seen in Turner syndrome

XO.

What chromosome abnormality causes Down syndrome

Trisomy 21.

A normal gene that promotes cell growth.

What is a proto-oncogene

A mutated proto-oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth.

What is an oncogene

A gene that inhibits cell growth and division.

tumor suppressor gene

What is the most important tumor suppressor gene

p53.

Cancer confined above the basement membrane.

carcinoma in situ

Spread of cancer to distant sites.

metastasis

What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor

Benign tumors remain localized; malignant tumors invade and metastasize.

Chronic alcohol use increases the risk of which cancers (4)

Larynx, esophagus, liver, and breast.

Which cancer is associated with HPV infection

Cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Which cancer is associated with hepatitis B and C

Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Which cancer is associated with H. pylori infection

Gastric cancer.

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Which cells arrive first during acute inflammation

Neutrophils.

Which cells dominate chronic inflammation

Macrophages.

Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

histamine

What do prostaglandins cause

Pain and fever.

What do leukotrienes cause

Bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

what type of immunity is nonspecific, immediate immune defense.

innate immunity

Specific immune response with memory.

What is adaptive immunity

What do B cells do

Produce antibodies.

What do T cells do

Provide cell-mediated immunity.

What do CD4 cells do

Act as helper T cells.

What do CD8 cells do

Act as cytotoxic T cells.

Which immunoglobulin is produced first

IgM.

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant and crosses the placenta

IgG.

Which immunoglobulin provides mucosal immunity

IgA.

Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergies and parasites

IgE.

Which immunoglobulin functions primarily as a B-cell receptor

IgD.

What activates the classical complement pathway

Antigen-antibody complexes.

What is the function of C3b

Opsonization.

What is the function of C5a

Chemotaxis.

What is the function of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

Cell lysis.

What is Type I hypersensitivity

Allergy/anaphylaxis.

What type of reaction is a Type II hypersensitivity

Cytotoxic

What is a Type 3 hypersensitivity

a complex immune disease

What is a Type 4 hypersensitivity

Delayed T-cell reaction/response

What mnemonic helps remember the hypersensitivity reactions

ACID (Allergy, Cytotoxic, Immune Complex, Delayed).

Which cells are destroyed by HIV

CD4 T-helper cells.

Severe combined immunodeficiency involving defective B and T cells.

What is SCID

What are the four phases of wound healing

Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

Wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss, typically with well-approximated edges

Primary intention

What is healing by secondary intention

Wound heals from the bottom up.

Which cells produce collagen

Fibroblasts.

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis

Vitamin C.

What is the most common cause of wound dehiscence

Infection.

What is the functional unit of the nervous system

Neuron.

Receive signals.

dendrites

Transmit signals away from the cell body.

axons

Gaps in myelin where saltatory conduction occurs.

What are nodes of Ranvier

Speeds nerve conduction.

myelin

What type of cell maintains the blood-brain barrier and support neurons?

astrocytes

What do oligodendrocytes do

Myelinate neurons in the CNS.

What do Schwann cells do

Myelinate neurons in the PNS.

Serve as immune cells of the CNS.

microglia

What do ependymal cells do

Line ventricles and produce CSF.

What disease causes CNS demyelination

Multiple sclerosis.

What disease causes PNS demyelination

Guillain-Barré syndrome.

What is the function of the frontal lobe

Executive function and motor control.

What is the function of the parietal lobe

Sensory processing.

What is the function of the temporal lobe

Hearing and memory.

What is the function of the occipital lobe

Vision.

What is Broca area responsible for

Speech production.

What is Wernicke area responsible for

Language comprehension.

Difficulty producing speech.

Broca aphasia

Difficulty understanding language.

Wernicke aphasia

What is the function of the cerebellum

Balance and coordination.

What is the function of the medulla

Control of respiration and heart rate.

What is the reticular activating system responsible for

Wakefulness and consciousness.

What forms the blood-brain barrier

Endothelial tight junctions.

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier

Protect the CNS from harmful substances.

What is an epidural hematoma

Arterial bleed between the skull and dura.