IHBB: Blood Bank & Genetics

*Question: Who developed sodium phosphate as the first nontoxic anticoagulant in 1869?
A) Karl Landsteiner
B) Braxton Hicks
C) Edward Lindemann
D) Charles Drew

*Answer: B) Braxton Hicks

*Question: In what year did Karl Landsteiner discover the ABO blood group system?
A) 1869
B) 1901
C) 1902
D) 1914

*Answer: B) 1901

*Question: Who defined the AB blood group as the fourth and rarest blood type in 1902?
A) Karl Landsteiner and Pletsching
B) Alfred von Descatello and Adriano Sturli
C) Rous and Turner
D) Loutit and Mollison

*Answer: B) Alfred von Descatello and Adriano Sturli

*Question: What anticoagulant was developed by Hustin in 1914?
A) Sodium Phosphate
B) Sodium Citrate
C) Citrate Dextrose
D) Acid-Citrate-Dextrose

*Answer: B) Sodium Citrate

*Question: Who determined the minimum amount of sodium citrate for non-toxicity level in 1915?
A) Hustin
B) Lewisohn
C) Rous
D) Gibson

*Answer: B) Lewisohn

*Question: What preservative did Rous and Turner introduce in 1916?
A) Sodium Citrate
B) Acid-Citrate-Dextrose
C) Citrate Dextrose (CD)
D) Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose

*Answer: C) Citrate Dextrose (CD)

*Question: Who developed the gel test in Lyon, France in 1985?
A) Dr. Charles Drew
B) Dr. Yves Lapiere
C) Gibson
D) Loutit

*Answer: B) Dr. Yves Lapiere

*Question: What does NVBSP stand for in blood bag serial numbers?
A) National Voluntary Blood Service Program
B) National Voluntary Blood Service of 1994
C) Non-Voluntary Blood Service Program
D) New Voluntary Blood Service Protocol

*Answer: B) National Voluntary Blood Service of 1994

*Question: Who performed the first successful animal-to-animal blood transfusion in 1666?
A) Jean Baptiste Denis
B) James Blundell
C) Richard Lower
D) Edward Lindemann

*Answer: C) Richard Lower

*Question: Who performed the first successful human-to-human blood transfusion in 1829?
A) Richard Lower
B) Jean Baptiste Denis
C) James Blundell
D) Karl Landsteiner

*Answer: C) James Blundell

*Question: What is the current standard preservative used in blood banks today?
A) ACD
B) CPD
C) CPDA-1
D) CD

*Answer: C) CPDA-1

*Question: How many pairs of autosomes are found in human cells?
A) 20 pairs
B) 21 pairs
C) 22 pairs
D) 23 pairs

*Answer: C) 22 pairs

*Question: What does "6p21" represent in chromosomal notation?
A) Long arm of chromosome 6, band 21
B) Short arm of chromosome 6, band 21
C) Chromosome 6, pair 21
D) Position 6, locus 21

*Answer: B) Short arm of chromosome 6, band 21

*Question: What letter represents the short arm of a chromosome?
A) q
B) p
C) s
D) a

*Answer: B) p

*Question: What is an amorph gene?
A) A dominant gene
B) A gene with no observable manifestation
C) A gene that produces multiple proteins
D) A recessive gene

*Answer: B) A gene with no observable manifestation

*Question: In the ABO system, which allele is recessive?
A) A
B) B
C) AB
D) O

*Answer: D) O

*Question: What inheritance pattern do A and B alleles exhibit when both are present?
A) Recessive
B) Dominant
C) Codominant
D) Sex-linked

*Answer: C) Codominant

*Question: Which blood group system is the only one related to sex chromosomes?
A) ABO
B) Rh
C) Xg
D) Kell

*Answer: C) Xg

*Question: What is the genotype of a person with blood type O?
A) AO
B) BO
C) AB
D) OO

*Answer: D) OO

*Question: What are the possible genotypes for blood type A?
A) AA only
B) AO only
C) AA and AO
D) AA and AB

*Answer: C) AA and AO

*Question: According to Mendel's Law of Independent Segregation, how many alleles does each parent contribute to offspring?
A) None
B) One
C) Two
D) Three

*Answer: B) One

*Question: What is the first law of Mendel according to board exam context?
A) Law of Dominance
B) Law of Segregation
C) Law of Independent Assortment
D) Law of Codominance

*Answer: B) Law of Segregation

*Question: On which chromosome is the ABO blood group system located?
A) Chromosome 1
B) Chromosome 4
C) Chromosome 9
D) Chromosome 19

*Answer: C) Chromosome 9

*Question: On which chromosome is the Rh blood group system located?
A) Chromosome 1
B) Chromosome 4
C) Chromosome 7
D) Chromosome 9

*Answer: A) Chromosome 1

*Question: What chromosomal location is assigned to the Kell blood group system?
A) 1p
B) 4q
C) 7q
D) 9q

*Answer: C) 7q

*Question: What is the chromosomal location of the Duffy blood group system?
A) 1p
B) 1q
C) 4q
D) 7q

*Answer: B) 1q

*Question: On which chromosome is the Kidd blood group system located?
A) Chromosome 9
B) Chromosome 12
C) Chromosome 18
D) Chromosome 22

*Answer: C) Chromosome 18

*Question: What is the chromosomal location of the MNS blood group system?
A) 1p
B) 4q
C) 7q
D) 9q

*Answer: B) 4q

*Question: If a mother is blood type O and father is blood type AB, what are the possible blood types of their children?
A) Only type AB
B) Only type O
C) Type A and type B only
D) Type A, B, AB, and O

*Answer: C) Type A and type B only

*Question: What is the phenotypic ratio when both parents are heterozygous (AO x BO)?
A) 2:1:1
B) 1:1:1:1
C) 3:1
D) 1:2:1

*Answer: B) 1:1:1:1

*Question: In Rh typing, what does lowercase "d" represent?
A) Presence of Rh D antigen
B) Weak D antigen
C) Absence of Rh D antigen
D) Partial D antigen

*Answer: C) Absence of Rh D antigen

*Question: If a father is Rh-positive heterozygous (Dd) and mother is Rh-negative (dd), what percentage of children will be Rh-positive?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

*Answer: B) 50%

*Question: Why does heterozygosity vs. homozygosity matter in blood banking?
A) It determines blood type
B) It affects antigen expression strength (dosage effect)
C) It determines antibody production
D) It affects blood storage time

*Answer: B) It affects antigen expression strength (dosage effect)

*Question: What is a double dose in antigen expression?
A) When two different antigens are present
B) When an antigen is inherited from both parents (homozygous)
C) When antibodies are doubled
D) When two blood types are mixed

*Answer: B) When an antigen is inherited from both parents (homozygous)

*Question: In population genetics, if 68% are C+, what percentage are C-?
A) 68%
B) 50%
C) 32%
D) 100%

*Answer: C) 32%

*Question: A patient has anti-C, anti-E, and anti-S antibodies. C+ is 68%, E+ is 29%, S+ is 32%. What percentage of donors would be compatible?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

*Answer: C) 15%

*Question: What is direct exclusion in paternity testing?
A) When the child has an antigen neither parent has
B) When the father is excluded by DNA
C) When both parents are type O
D) When the mother is excluded

*Answer: A) When the child has an antigen neither parent has

*Question: What is indirect exclusion in paternity testing?
A) When DNA testing is used
B) When the child lacks an antigen they should have inherited from the alleged father
C) When the mother's blood type is unknown
D) When both parents are homozygous

*Answer: B) When the child lacks an antigen they should have inherited from the alleged father

*Question: If mother is O, child is B, and alleged father is O, what is the conclusion?
A) Not excluded
B) Direct exclusion
C) Indirect exclusion
D) Inconclusive

*Answer: B) Direct exclusion

*Question: What does citrate toxicity cause in the body?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hyperglycemia

*Answer: B) Hypocalcemia

*Question: Why was dextrose (glucose) added to blood preservatives?
A) To prevent clotting
B) To maintain RBC pH
C) To provide nutrients for RBC metabolism
D) To prevent bacterial growth

*Answer: C) To provide nutrients for RBC metabolism

*Question: What was the main problem with early blood transfusions before anticoagulants?
A) Blood type incompatibility
B) Blood clotted quickly
C) Infections
D) Hemolysis

*Answer: B) Blood clotted quickly

*Question: Who was appointed as Director of the first American Red Cross Blood Bank in 1941?
A) Karl Landsteiner
B) Dr. Yves Lapiere
C) Dr. Charles Drew
D) Richard Lower

*Answer: C) Dr. Charles Drew

*Question: What year was the National Voluntary Blood Service Act established?
A) 1985
B) 1990
C) 1994
D) 2000

*Answer: C) 1994

*Question: According to the NVBSP, what is NOT allowed in blood donation?
A) Voluntary donation
B) Monetary incentives
C) Informed consent
D) Serial numbers on blood bags

*Answer: B) Monetary incentives

*Question: How long does gel test crossmatching typically take?
A) 5-10 minutes
B) 15-30 minutes
C) 45-60 minutes
D) 1-2 hours

*Answer: B) 15-30 minutes

*Question: What is the main disadvantage of gel test crossmatching?
A) Takes too long
B) Very expensive
C) Not accurate
D) Requires special equipment not available

*Answer: B) Very expensive

*Question: Who introduced Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose (CPD) in 1957?
A) Hustin
B) Lewisohn
C) Gibson
D) Loutit

*Answer: C) Gibson

*Question: Why was CPD preferred over ACD?
A) Less expensive
B) Less acidic
C) More stable
D) Easier to prepare

*Answer: B) Less acidic

*Question: What happens to RBCs when too much sodium citrate anticoagulant is used?
A) They lyse
B) They crenate (shrink)
C) They expand
D) They clot

*Answer: B) They crenate (shrink)

*Question: What is the basic unit of heredity?
A) Chromosome
B) Gene
C) Allele
D) Locus

*Answer: B) Gene

*Question: What is a locus?
A) A type of gene
B) An alternative form of a gene
C) The position of a gene on a chromosome
D) A mutation in DNA

*Answer: C) The position of a gene on a chromosome

*Question: What is the plural form of locus?
A) Locuses
B) Loci
C) Locusts
D) Locum

*Answer: B) Loci

*Question: What is an allele?
A) A chromosome pair
B) One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
C) A blood type
D) A type of antibody

*Answer: B) One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

*Question: What does homozygous mean?
A) Two different genes at a locus
B) Two identical genes at a locus
C) No genes at a locus
D) Multiple genes at a locus

*Answer: B) Two identical genes at a locus

*Question: What does heterozygous mean?
A) Two identical genes at a locus
B) Two dissimilar genes at a locus
C) No genes at a locus
D) Three genes at a locus

*Answer: B) Two dissimilar genes at a locus

*Question: In a heterozygous state, which gene is expressed?
A) Recessive only
B) Dominant only
C) Both equally
D) Neither

*Answer: B) Dominant only

*Question: When is a recessive gene expressed?
A) In heterozygous state only
B) In homozygous state only
C) Never
D) Always

*Answer: B) In homozygous state only

*Question: What is the total number of chromosomes in the human body?
A) 23
B) 44
C) 46
D) 48

*Answer: C) 46

*Question: How many autosomes are present in human cells?
A) 22
B) 44
C) 46
D) 23

*Answer: B) 44

*Question: What sex chromosomes are present in males?
A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XO

*Answer: B) XY

*Question: What sex chromosomes are present in females?
A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XO

*Answer: A) XX

*Question: What is genotype?
A) The physical expression of genes
B) The actual genetic makeup
C) A type of blood group
D) A chromosomal location

*Answer: B) The actual genetic makeup

*Question: What is phenotype?
A) The genetic makeup
B) The observable expression of genes
C) A type of chromosome
D) A gene location

*Answer: B) The observable expression of genes

*Question: What are the possible genotypes for blood type B?
A) BB only
B) BO only
C) BB and BO
D) BB and AB

*Answer: C) BB and BO

*Question: What is the only genotype possible for blood type AB?
A) AA
B) BB
C) AB
D) OO

*Answer: C) AB

*Question: If both parents are type AB, can they have a type O child?
A) Yes, 25% chance
B) Yes, 50% chance
C) No, impossible
D) Yes, 75% chance

*Answer: C) No, impossible

*Question: If mother is AO and father is BO, what percentage of children could be type O?
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

*Answer: B) 25%

*Question: What is the inheritance pattern when both A and B alleles are present?
A) Dominant
B) Recessive
C) Codominant
D) Incomplete dominance

*Answer: C) Codominant

*Question: What does "null" mean in blood banking terminology?
A) Low antigen expression
B) No antigen expression
C) Multiple antigens
D) Weak antigen

*Answer: B) No antigen expression

*Question: What is an example of a null phenotype?
A) Type A
B) Type AB
C) Rh null
D) Type B

*Answer: C) Rh null

*Question: According to the Law of Independent Assortment, how are different blood group systems inherited?
A) Together as a unit
B) Separately and independently
C) Only from the mother
D) Only from the father

*Answer: B) Separately and independently

*Question: Why are ABO and Rh inherited independently?
A) They are on the same chromosome
B) They are on different chromosomes
C) They are dominant genes
D) They are recessive genes

*Answer: B) They are on different chromosomes

*Question: In a Punnett square, where are the father's alleles placed?
A) On the left side
B) On the top
C) On the bottom
D) In the center

*Answer: B) On the top

*Question: In a Punnett square, where are the mother's alleles placed?
A) On the top
B) On the vertical/left side
C) On the bottom
D) In the center

*Answer: B) On the vertical/left side

*Question: If father is AB and mother is AO, what is the genotypic ratio?
A) 1:1:1:1
B) 1:1:1
C) 2:1:1
D) 3:1

*Answer: A) 1:1:1:1

*Question: If father is AB and mother is AO, what is the phenotypic ratio?
A) 1:1:1:1
B) 2:1:1
C) 1:2:1
D) 3:1

*Answer: B) 2:1:1

*Question: When writing results in blood banking, why should you write "positive" instead of "+"?
A) To save space
B) To follow international standards
C) To avoid errors when releasing results
D) To make it look professional

*Answer: C) To avoid errors when releasing results

*Question: What is the alternative notation some laboratories use for Rh positive?
A) RH+
B) Rh(POS)
C) D+
D) POS

*Answer: B) Rh(POS)

*Question: In the Kidd blood group system, what causes weak agglutination reactions?
A) Low antibody levels
B) Heterozygous antigen expression
C) Old blood samples
D) Temperature variations

*Answer: B) Heterozygous antigen expression

*Question: What is the dosage effect?
A) Amount of antibody added
B) Difference in antigen strength based on homozygous vs heterozygous inheritance
C) Number of antigens on RBC
D) Time needed for reaction

*Answer: B) Difference in antigen strength based on homozygous vs heterozygous inheritance

*Question: On which chromosome is the Lutheran blood group system located?
A) 1p
B) 7q
C) 19q
D) 22q

*Answer: C) 19q

*Question: What is the chromosomal location of the Lewis blood group system?
A) 19p
B) 19q
C) 7p
D) 1p

*Answer: A) 19p

*Question: Which blood group system is located on chromosome 22q?
A) ABO
B) MNS
C) P1PK
D) Rh

*Answer: C) P1PK

*Question: The Chido/Rodgers blood group system is located on which chromosome?
A) 1p
B) 6p
C) 7p
D) 19p

*Answer: B) 6p

*Question: What is the chromosomal location of the H blood group system?
A) 9q
B) 18q
C) 19q
D) 22q

*Answer: C) 19q

*Question: On which chromosome is the Diego blood group system located?
A) 1q
B) 7q
C) 17q
D) 18q

*Answer: C) 17q

*Question: The Colton blood group system is located on which chromosome?
A) 2q
B) 7p
C) 12p
D) 17q

*Answer: B) 7p

*Question: Which blood group system is located on chromosome 2q?
A) Diego
B) Gerbich
C) Colton
D) Scianna

*Answer: B) Gerbich

*Question: What is the chromosomal location of the Dombrock blood group system?
A) 7p
B) 12p
C) 17q
D) 19p

*Answer: B) 12p

*Question: The Scianna blood group system is located on which chromosome?
A) 1p
B) 6p
C) 7p
D) 12p

*Answer: A) 1p

*Question: A patient has anti-c (80% positive), anti-E (30% positive), and anti-K (9% positive). What percentage of donors would be compatible?
A) 10%
B) 13%
C) 15%
D) 20%

*Answer: B) 13%

*Question: If a patient needs 2 compatible units and 8% of the population is compatible, approximately how many units need to be tested?
A) 16 units
B) 20 units
C) 25 units
D) 30 units

*Answer: C) 25 units

*Question: What is an obligatory paternal gene?
A) A gene all fathers must have
B) An allele the child must inherit from the biological father based on mother's genotype
C) A dominant gene
D) A recessive gene

*Answer: B) An allele the child must inherit from the biological father based on mother's genotype

*Question: In paternity testing, if mother is Jk(a+b-) homozygous, father is Jk(a-b+) homozygous, and child is Jk(a+b-), what is the conclusion?
A) Not excluded
B) Direct exclusion
C) Indirect exclusion
D) Inconclusive

*Answer: C) Indirect exclusion

*Question: What rare exception can cause unexpected genetic results in paternity testing?
A) Mutation
B) Chimerism from twin fusion
C) Recessive genes
D) Codominance

*Answer: B) Chimerism from twin fusion

*Question: Molecular genetics is used in transplantation for what purpose?
A) Blood typing only
B) HLA antigen-level and allele typing
C) Antibody detection
D) Crossmatching

*Answer: B) HLA antigen-level and allele typing

*Question: What is a use of molecular genetics in transfusion medicine?
A) Determining blood pressure
B) Red cell typing in multiple-transfused patients
C) Measuring hemoglobin levels
D) Counting platelets

*Answer: B) Red cell typing in multiple-transfused patients

*Question: Molecular genetics can be used in HDFN to determine what?
A) Mother's blood type
B) Parental RhD zygosity
C) Antibody titer
D) Hemoglobin level

*Answer: B) Parental RhD zygosity

*Question: In donor testing, molecular genetics can detect what?
A) Blood type only
B) Viruses below detectable level by antibody detection
C) Hemoglobin variants
D) Blood pressure

*Answer: B) Viruses below detectable level by antibody detectio