Review of Functional Groups

Flashcards covering the concepts of functional groups, cyclic compounds, carbohydrates, and their classifications.

Cyclic Compounds

Organic compounds that form rings.

Cyclic Alkanes

Alkanes that are arranged in a cyclic structure.

Cyclopropane

A three-carbon cyclic alkane.

Cyclobutane

A four-carbon cyclic alkane.

Cyclopentane

A five-carbon cyclic alkane.

Cyclohexane

A six-carbon cyclic alkane.

Methylcyclopentane

A methyl-substituted cyclic alkane with five carbons.

Methylcyclohexane

A methyl-substituted cyclic alkane with six carbons.

1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

A cyclic alkane with two methyl groups at the 1 and 2 positions.

1,3-dimethylcyclohexane

A cyclic alkane with two methyl groups at the 1 and 3 positions.

cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

A cyclic alkane where the methyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are on the same side.

trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

A cyclic alkane where the methyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are on opposite sides.

Cyclic Alkenes

Alkenes that are arranged in a cyclic structure.

Cyclopentene

A cyclic alkene with five carbons.

Cyclohexene

A cyclic alkene with six carbons.

1-Methylcyclohexene

A methyl-substituted cyclic alkene with six carbons.

1,2-dimethylcyclohexene

A cyclic alkene with two methyl groups at the 1 and 2 positions.

1,6-dimethylcyclohexene

A cyclic alkene with two methyl groups at the 1 and 6 positions.

Cyclic Alcohols

Alcohols that are formed into a cyclic structure.

Cyclopropanol

A three-carbon cyclic alcohol.

Cyclobutanol

A four-carbon cyclic alcohol.

Cyclopentanol

A five-carbon cyclic alcohol.

cis-2-methylcyclohexanol

A cyclic alcohol with a methyl group at the 2 position on the same side.

Cyclohexanol

A six-carbon cyclic alcohol.

2-Methylcyclohexanol

A methyl-substituted cyclic alcohol with six carbons.

trans-4-methylcyclohexanol

A cyclic alcohol with a methyl group at the 4 position on the opposite side.

Cyclic Ketones

Ketones that are formed into a cyclic structure.

Cyclopentanone

A five-carbon cyclic ketone.

Cyclohexanone

A six-carbon cyclic ketone.

2-Methylcyclopentanone

A methyl-substituted cyclic ketone with five carbons.

2-Methylcyclohexanone

A methyl-substituted cyclic ketone with six carbons.

4-Methylcyclohexanone

A cyclic ketone with a methyl group at the 4 position.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of sugars.

Simple Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates represented by the formula (CH2O)n.

Complex Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates that vary but are similar to simple carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars made of one molecule.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

Glucose

The most common monosaccharide, useful for energy.

Fructose

A simple sugar occurring in many plants.

Galactose

A monosaccharide found in milk.

Mannose

A sugar found in fruits.

Ribose

A sugar component of RNA.

Aldoses

Sugars with an aldehyde group (R-CHO).

Ketoses

Sugars with a ketone group (R-C(O)-R').

Chirality

Asymmetry in an object that prevents superimposition on its mirror image.

Chiral

Describing a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image.

Achiral

Describing a molecule that can be superimposed on its mirror image.

Chiral Center

Carbon atoms attached to four different atoms or groups.

Stereoisomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements.

Enantiomers

Nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.

Chemical Properties of Enantiomers

Identical except for interactions with chiral molecules.

Fischer Projections

A way of drawing the structure of enantiomers or stereoisomers.

Condensation Reactions

Reactions forming glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides.

Reducing Sugars

Sugars that can be oxidized.

Tollen's Test

A test identifying reducing sugars by a color change.

Benedict's Test

A test using a blue solution to detect reducing sugars.

Disaccharides Examples

Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose.

α1,2-Glycosidic Bond

The bond found in sucrose.

β Linkages in Polysaccharides

Bonding arrangement in cellulose.

α Linkages in Polysaccharides

Bonding arrangement in starch and glycogen.

Glycogen

A storage polysaccharide in vertebrates.

Starch

A plant storage polysaccharide made of glucose.

Amylose

Unbranched form of starch using α1-4 linkages.

Amylopectin

Branched form of starch using both α1-4 and α1-6 linkages.

Cellulose

Structural polysaccharide providing support to plant cell walls.

Chitin

Structural polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

Human Metabolism of Glycogen

Glycogen is used to store glucose for energy.

Human Inability to Metabolize Cellulose

Due to lack of enzymes to hydrolyze β linkages.

Carbonyl Group in Sugars

Functional group that can be oxidized.

Sugar Alcohol

Formed when the carbonyl carbon is reduced.

Glycosidic Linkage

Connection made by an ether group to bind two sugars.

Carbon Numbering in Fischer Projections

Carbons are numbered from the top of the molecule.

Last Chiral Carbon in Sugar

Determines if the sugar is an L or D sugar.

Hydroxyl Group Orientation

Indicates if a sugar is D (right) or L (left).

Main Carbon Chain in Fischer Projections

Arranged vertically in the structure.

Oxidation of Aldoses

Converts them to carboxylic acids.

Interconversion of Ketoses

Occurs in the presence of a base to form aldoses.

Glycosidic Linkage Formation

Involves the condensation of two hydroxyl groups.

Reducing Sugars Identification

Through reactions with Tollen's or Benedict's tests.

Disaccharide Glycosidic Linkages

Formed between anomeric carbons.

Lactose Composition

Made from galactose and glucose.

Maltose Composition

Made from two glucose molecules.

Polysaccharide Energy Function

Stored as energy or provide structural support.

β-1,4 Linkages in Cellulose

Create tightly packed and unbranched chains.

Rigid Structure of Chitin

Due to unbranched β-1,4 linkages.