chem reviewer

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Matter

The smallest unit of matter composed of three sub-atomic particles:proton, neutron, and electron.

Atom

Matter with a definite or constant composition and distinct properties.

Substance

Combination of two or more substances where the substances retain their distinct identities.

Mixture

Uniform in composition throughout.

Homogeneous Mixture

Not uniform in composition throughout.

Heterogeneous Mixture

Substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

Element

Scientist who developed the periodic table and has an element named after him (Mendelevium, Md).

Dmitri Mendeleev

Elements arranged in the periodic table based on similarities in their reactivities and properties.

Nonmetals

Elements that lie between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table.

Metalloids

Combination of two or more elements.

Compound

Trait of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of the matter.

Physical Property

How the object absorbs and reflects light.

Color

How the substance looks and feels.

Texture

Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.

Temperature

Amount of matter in an object.

Mass

Amount of space an object occupies.

Volume

Ratio of mass to volume.

Density

The way a substance reflects light.

Luster

Ability of a substance to be stretched into a wire.

Ductility

Ability of a substance to be hammered flat and retain the new shape.

Malleability

Trait of matter that can only be observed by changing the chemical composition of the substance.

Chemical Property

Properties dependent on the amount of substance present.

Extensive Property

Properties independent of the amount of substance present.

Intensive Property

Changing from solid to liquid.

Melting

Changing from liquid to solid.

Freezing

Changing from liquid to gas.

Vaporization

Changing from liquid to vapor.

Evaporation

Changing from gas to liquid.

Condensation

Changing from gas to solid.

Deposition

Changing from solid to gas.

Sublimation

Known and recognized by its effects.

Energy

Sources that will run out or not be replenished in our lifetimes.

Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Energy produced by a moving object.

Kinetic Energy

Energy from the sun, Earth's primary energy source.

Radiant Energy

Energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules.

Thermal Energy

Energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances.

Chemical Energy

Energy available by virtue of an object's position.

Potential Energy

Form new substances by breaking and making chemical bonds.

Chemical Reactions

Almost all chemical reactions absorb or produce energy, generally in the form of heat.

Energy Changes

Study of heat change in chemical reactions.

Thermochemistry

Measure of the amount of heat absorbed by a solid material.

Heat Capacity

Measurement of heat flow.

Calorimetry

Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.

Enthalpy

Process where heat evolves from a system.

Exothermic Reaction

Process where heat is absorbed by the system.

Endothermic Reaction

Capable of proceeding without needing an outside source of energy.

Spontaneous Process

Chemical reaction where the standard change in free energy is positive and energy is absorbed.

Nonspontaneous Reaction

Measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work.

Entropy

Study of energy transfers and temperature or state changes in a system.

Thermodynamics

Concerns relationships between bulk properties of matter.

Classical Thermodynamics

Explains bulk properties in terms of constituent atoms.

Statistical Thermodynamics

System that does not interact with its surroundings.

Isolated System

Process that starts and ends in the same state.

Cyclic Process

Process during which no energy enters or leaves the system by heat.

Adiabatic Process

Process that occurs at a constant pressure.

Isobaric Process

Process that occurs at a constant temperature.

Isothermal Process

First to propose the use of an absolute scale of temperature.

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)

As per the third law of thermodynamics, the entropy of such a system is exactly zero.

Walther Nernst

Study of the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.

Electrochemistry

Process where electrons move between atoms.

Oxidation-Reduction

Loss of electrons from a chemical species.

Oxidation

Gain of electrons by a chemical species.

Reduction

Device that uses a chemical reaction to create electrical energy.

Galvanic Cell (Voltaic Cell)

Process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Electrolysis

High-energy particles originating from space.

Cosmic Rays

Eruptions on the sun that can accelerate charged particles.

Solar Flares

High-energy electromagnetic radiation produced during certain nuclear processes.

Gamma Rays

Process of splitting a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

Fission

Process of light nuclei coming together to form a heavier nucleus, releasing even more energy.

Fusion

Substances that can be burned to produce heat or work.

Fuels