Cold War 3

When did Japan surrender to the USA

2nd september 1945

Why did Truman drop the atomic bomb on Japan?

To end the war quickly to ensure that the soviets could not become seriously involved, the USSR was unable to demand significant teritory within Japan.

How did the USA maintain their influence and power over Japan?

They made sure that no Communists were allowed in government posts and that US bases were built on Japenese land, The americans were attempting to make Japan militarily weak and that they would not be capable of starting a war

What was the 1951 teaty between Japan and the USA state?

formally ending the war between the US and Japan and ending the occupation. An alliance was also signed allowing the US to maintain military bases and troops on Japanese territory. Japan also promised to stop trading with communist China and do more trade with Formosa.

When did the chinese civil war break out?

in 1927 between the Nationalists (the Kuomintang) led by Jiang Jei shi [Chiang Kai‑Shek] and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong [Mao Tse‑tung].

What was the Marshall mission?

attempted to get Mao and Chiang to support a coalition government.

When did the Chinese civil war restart?

1946

Who did the USA finacially support?

The US gave financial aid to the Nationalists (about $2 billion), and even some military aid at the end of the war

When was Acherson's white paper on China?

1949

What did the white paper say?

"however tragic may be the immediate future of China and however ruthlessly a major portion of this great people may be exploited....... I consider that we should encourage all developments in China

When did the USA "loose China,"

1949

What happened to the nationalists at the end of the war?

Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) and his 2 million followers fled to the island of Formosa (Taiwan), which for a long time was referred to as Nationalist China or the Republic of China (ROC) to distinguish it from Mao Communist People's Republic of China (PRC).

Why was the loss of china an issue for the USA?

Together the USSR and China formed a massive bloc and cut off a huge market for US trade.

What did Dulles coin the Loss of China?

'the worst defeat the United States has suffered in its history.'

When did the USSR and China sign a treaty of frienship?

1950

What was the impact short-term on China becoming communist?

it led to the development of Acheson's defensive perimeter strategy and later to NSC -68

What was the medium term impact of China becoming communist?

it led to fierce criticism of Truman that containment had failed; helped lead Eisenhower (Republican) to Presidential victory in 1952

How did Dulles describe the loss of China to communism

"the worst defeat the United States has suffered in its history"

What was the long term impact for China becoming communist?

it played a role in US Cold War strategy in Asia until the 1970s and impacted decisions to escalate the war in Vietnam

How did the USA attempt to hurt the international position of China?

They blocked the entry of the new People's Republic of China (PRC) into the United Nations

Why was the relationship between the USSR and China strained?

The Soviets believed that they were the leaders of world communism, but the Chinese certainly not see it this way. Stalin did not give Mao the kind of endorsement he wanted

Who was the leader of the ROC?

Jiang Jie Shi

When did Jiang Jie Shi announce a holy war on China?

1954 after a period of tense relations between the CCP and the ROC as the CCP viewed the ROC as a platform for reinvasion.

How did the CCP retaliate?

The CCP attacked Quemoy and Matsu, islands of off taiwan

What was the Mutual defence pact passed in 1954?

US will defend Taiwan but secretly Jiang forced to promise he will not invade China mainland without the USA's approval

When do the CCP seize the Tachen islands?

1955

How did Eisenhower respond to the CCP seizing the Tachen islands?

announcing US would use Nuclear weapons to defend the main Island of Taiwan

What and when was the Farmosa resolution?

1955 - This authorised Eisenhower to take whatever action he felt necessary to defend Taiwan.

When did China attack Quemoy and Matsu again?

1958

What did the USA believe that this second attack showed?

An attack before war

What did the USA respond by doing?

The 7th fleet of the US navy were ordered to Taiwann

What did the US navy fleet being deployed lead to?

China negotiated and a ceasefire was declared

What and when was the defensive perimeter speech?

January 1950, a strategy to ensure military protection of the pacific (doesn't include Korea)

What was NSC-68?

A report by the national security council to review the USA's strategic priorities in april of 1950, this laid out the USA's new national security strategy

What were the main points of NSC-68?

The build up of both conventional and nuclear weapons, paid for using taxation. The USA should attemt to ally with capitolist countries in Asia and Europe in order to support the build up of the free world. Also that the US must be ready to counter the soviets but not striking first as this is too dangerous.

What statistic shows that Truman did adopt NSC-68?

from 1950 to 1953 defence spending almost trippled as a percentage of GDP (5% to 14.2%)

Before WW1 who occupied Korea?

Japan

Why was Korea divided into 2 Zones and what by?

At the end of the war both the Soviets and the USA helped to liberate the Korean people and the North surrendered to the Soviets the south to the Americans and therefore there were 2 zones generated split at the 38th parallel

What signified a lack of togetherness from the Soviets and the USA over the issue of Korea?

In 1947 the USA brought the issue of Korea to the UN in an attempt to reunify Korea however the soviets refused to take part in this discussion

What did the USA do when the Soviets refused to hold elections together?

the USA held UN-supervised elections in their zone in the summer of 1948.

Who did the USA put in charge of south Korea?

Syngman Rhee leader of a 'democratic' South

Who did the Soviets put in charge of the North?

communist under Kim Il Sung.

When did the USA withdraw troops?

1948

When did the Soviets first test their nuclear bomb?

1949

Why did the two Zones cause issues?

The capital was on one side, both of the leaders were nationalist and they each wanted to run all of Korea. Korea also was not yet liberated (still occupied)

When do the North invade the South?

on 25 June 1950

How many Northern troops invaded and where did they capture?

135,000 North Korean troops backed by Soviet‑made tanks and aircraft poured into the South taking Seoul, the southern capital, and capturing most of the country as far south as Pusan

Why were the UN able to stimulate troops to protect the south?

The UN Charter says that all the members will support any other member who suffers an unprovoked attack so the UN authorised the US to organise military action against the North to get them out of South Korea

Why could the Soviets not veto the US intervention to help south Korea?

the USSR was boycotting the UN at the time in protest at America blocking Communist China's entry to the organisation so the resolution was passed

What did the War allow for?

enable a massive build up in the US military with spending rising from $14 billion in 1949 to $44 billion in 1953, 24% of federal spending

Give evidence that the Soviets are responsible for the Korean war?

The soviets gave North Korea 1,600 pieces of artillary

Give evidence that the USA are responsible for the Korean War?

The USA excluded the South from defencive parimeters and this pushed the soviets to arm the North, The US defence of Taiwann also pushed tensions between China and the USA

When and where did the UN troops land?

september 1950 they landed at Inchon under Macarthurs command

Where did the UN troops push the North back to?

Pushed them back to the 38th parallel

BY this point had the USA achieved their aim?

Yes - they had achieved containment, the South were not communist

What did the US do?

American-led forces crossed the border and invaded the North. By October they had captured the Northern capital Pyongyang

Why did China enter the war and when?

The Americans neared the Yalu River which formed the border between Korea and China, The Chinese made it clear that they would join the war if the Americans came too close to their border and therefore in 1950 300,000 Chinese troops entered the war.

When did Caesfire negotiations commence?

1951 due to the fighting being settled at the 38th parallel as the Chinese and the North had fought back to the 38th parallel from near the Yalu river

Why did the peace talks last so long?

they lasted 2 years as Neither power wanted the war to spread yet neither side wanted to back down and General Macarthur wanted to go to war with China

When was a caesefire?

A cease‑fire was finally agreed in the summer of 1953, with the border being the 38th parallel, where it remains today between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea

Why was there a Caesefire?

Stalin died and Eisenhower became president. During the election Ike had promised to end the war, and Stalin's death meant the Russians also had an excuse and a desire to improve relations with the US

Give a statistic that shows increased US presence in the world?

by 1955 the US had 450 bases in 36 countries.

How many defence treaties were signed by the US?

Japan and the Philippines in 1951, and the ANZUS Pact 1951 was another defence agreement between Australia, New Zealand and the US. In 1954 SEATO, the South East Asian Treaty Organisation was created.

What were the consequences for the USA of the korean war?

NSC-68 continued as a global strategy, Increased support for France to go against Vietnam, the defence treaties, West Germany helped to re-arm as NATO feared a Soviet expansion

What were the consequences for the soviets after the Korean war?

The USSR never again botcott the UN, the Warsaw pact is created

What were the consequences for China of the Korean War?

Depsite being 1 million Chinese deaths, it proved that thet had the ability to fight the USA, they now had to be taken seriously as a major power,