Psychology Chapter 10

chapter 10- motivation

Motivation

involves goal-directed behavior

Homeostasis

state of physiological equilibrium or stability

Drive Theory

apply the concept of homeostasis to behavior.

Drive

is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

Incentive Theory

external stimuli regulate motivational states

Incentive

an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior

External Goals

Ice cream, a juicy steak, a monetary prize, approval from friends, an A on an exam, and a promotion at work

Hunger

caused by hypothalamus

Influences on Consumption

Food Availability, variety, presence of others, the better food tastes, quantity

Sensory-specific Satiety

Obesity

the condition of being overweight

Set Point

natural point of stability in body weight

Sexual Motivation

Phases of Sexual Response

Excitement Phase, Plateau Phase, Orgasm Phase, Resolution Phase

Refractory Period

time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation

Parental Investment

refers to what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and for-gone opportunities—to produce and nurture offspring.

Sexual Orientation

refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex

Continuum of Orientation

Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

Achievement Motive

need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence.

Emotion

involves (1) a subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component) accompanied by (2) bodily arousal (the physiological component) and by (3) characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral component).

Cognitive Component

emotions are potentially intense internal feelings that sometimes seem to have a life of their own

Physiological Component

biological bases of emotions are diffuse, involving many areas in the brain and many neurotransmitter systems, as well as the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

Autonomic Arousal

Your heart rate and breathing accelerate. Your blood pressure surges. Your pupils dilate. The hairs on your skin stand erect, giving you “goose bumps.” You start to perspire

Galvanic Skin Response

an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when ]sweat glands increase their activity.

Polygraph

device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned

Theories of Emotion

How do psychologists explain the experience of emotion?

James-Lange Theory

stimulus—>autonomic aurousal—>conscious feeling like fear

Canon-Bard Theory

stimulus—>subcortical brain activity—>autonomic arousal and fear

Schacter

(stimulus—>autonomic arousal—>apparaisal—>fear