chapter 40 - copied from textbook

apush has my sanity why the back to back quizzes

George W

Son of the forty-first president, he became the first presidential offspring since John Quincy Adams to reach the White House.

Compassionate conservative

A term used to describe Bush's political ideology, which emphasized conservative values while also showing concern for social issues.

Stem cells

Cells that have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body. Bush vetoed legislation providing for government-sponsored research on embryonic stem cells.

Human Genome Project

A project that mapped the DNA sequencing of all twenty thousand human genes, raising questions about the legitimacy of technological tinkering with human life.

Kyoto Treaty

An international effort to arrest the rate of global warming by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Bush repudiated this treaty.

USA Patriot Act

An act passed in response to the 9/11 attacks, permitting extensive surveillance and detention of immigrants suspected of terrorism.

Department of Homeland Security

A cabinet-level department created to safeguard the nation's borders and ferret out potential attackers.

Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)

A resolution passed by Congress that authorized the use of military force against the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks, later used to justify military actions in multiple countries.

Axis of evil

Term used by Bush to describe Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, which he claimed gravely menaced American security.

Preemptive war

A war initiated by one country against another based on the belief that the other country poses a threat. Bush planned a preemptive war against Iraq.

Mission Accomplished

Phrase used by Bush to declare the end of major combat operations in Iraq, but the situation quickly devolved into violence.

Sunni and Shia Muslims

The two largest religious communities in Iraq that clashed violently, especially in Baghdad.

Disbanding the Iraqi army

The U.S. decision to disband the Iraqi army deprived Iraq of an effective indigenous police force.

Abu Ghraib prison

In April 2004, revelations emerged that Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison had been tortured and humiliated by their American captors.

Jihadist terrorists

Terrorists from around the region flooded into Iraq, often fueling intra-Iraqi conflicts to further their own radical Islamist vision.

Shia-Sunni ethnic violence

The ethnic violence between Shia and Sunni Muslims in Iraq contributed to the bloodshed and instability in the country.

Counteroccupation insurgency

Insurgents attacked American forces in Iraq, especially after the U.S. decision to disband the Iraqi army.

Al Qaeda in Iraq

Although Al Qaeda had no link to Iraq under Saddam, the organization moved in afterward and contributed to the violence and instability in the country.

American casualties in Iraq

By the end of 2006, more Americans had died in Iraq than in the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Iraqi casualties in Iraq

As of 2017, more than 500,000 Iraqis had violently perished in the conflict.

No Child Left Behind Act

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 mandated sanctions against schools that failed to meet federal performance standards.

Stem cell research

President Bush opposed stem cell research.

Constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage

President Bush called for a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage.

John Kerry

John Kerry was the Democratic candidate for president in the 2004 election.

Democratic sweep in the midterm elections

Democrats regained control of both houses of Congress in the 2006 midterm elections.

Iraq War

The perceived mishandling of the war in Iraq was a major factor in the Democratic sweep in the 2006 midterm elections.

Open election in 2008

With neither the sitting president nor vice president running, the 2008 election was truly "open."

Barack Obama

Barack Obama, a first-term Illinois senator, won the Democratic nomination and became the first African American president of the United States.

John McCain

John McCain, a long-time Arizona senator, was the Republican nominee for president in 2008.

Economic crisis

The collapse of the housing market and the financial crisis of 2008 led to a deep economic recession.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was a stimulus bill passed by Obama in his first hundred days to address the economic crisis.

Great Recession

The economic downturn that occurred in the summer of 2009, characterized by slow economic growth, high unemployment rates, and the lasting impact on the American psyche.

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A landmark health bill passed in March 2010, also known as "Obamacare," which mandated all Americans to purchase health insurance, established health insurance exchanges, prohibited insurers from denying coverage based on preexisting conditions, and provided subsidies for those below certain income thresholds.

Dodd-Frank

The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act passed in 2010, aimed at overhauling the nation's financial regulatory system by implementing new controls on banks, investment houses, and stock markets, as well as truth-in-lending rules to protect consumers.

Tea Party

A grassroots conservative movement that emerged in response to Obama's policies, characterized by street-theater demonstrations, media campaigns, and a push for a more right-wing agenda within the Republican party.

Inequality

The growing gap between the rich and the poor in the United States, characterized by stagnant middle-class incomes, soaring incomes for the top earners, and a concentration of wealth among a small percentage of the population.

Occupy Wall Street

A protest movement that began in 2011, highlighting rising inequality and the concentration of wealth among the top 1% of Americans, with the slogan "We Are the 99%."

Global economic competition

Intensifying competition in the global economy, which contributed to job displacement, particularly in the manufacturing sector, and increased economic rewards for educated workers in high-tech industries.

Financial sector

The sector of the economy that includes banks, investment houses, and stock markets, which experienced significant growth and contributed to income inequality.

Educational disparities

Disparities in education, including underfunding of schools in poor urban areas and the rising cost of higher education, which contributed to economic inequality by limiting opportunities for upward mobility.

Tax and fiscal policies

Policies implemented by various presidential administrations, such as Reagan, both Bushes, and Trump, that favored the wealthy and contributed to income and wealth gaps.

Equitably shared prosperity

The goal of creating a more equal distribution of wealth and opportunities in the contemporary economy.

United States Steel Corporation

The flagship business of America's booming industrial revolution at the beginning of the twentieth century.

General Motors

The characteristic American corporation of the mid-twentieth century, symbolizing the shift to a mass consumer economy.

International Business Machines (IBM)

A company that rose to prominence after World War II, representing the fast-paced "information age."

Apple

The iconic modern American company that employed only 80,000 Americans in 2016, compared to over 600,000 employed by General Motors in the past.

Inequality

Both economic and political inequality remained a central theme in the 2012 presidential race.

Affordable Care Act

President Obama's signature health-care law, narrowly upheld in a Supreme Court decision in 2012.

Citizens United v

A highly controversial 2010 Supreme Court decision that prohibited limits on political expenditures made by corporations, unions, and advocacy groups.

Super-PACS

Political action committees that could pour unlimited sums of money into the political arena without directly contributing to candidates and parties.

Obama coalition

The diverse groups, including Latinos, that supported Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election.

Executive actions

Actions taken by President Obama to achieve his objectives in the face of congressional obstruction.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

A policy announced by Obama in 2012 that provided renewable two-year periods of exemption from deportation and eligibility for work permits for undocumented youths who arrived in the United States as minors.

Obergefell v

A Supreme Court decision in 2015 that declared the constitutional right to marry for gay people.

Edward Joseph Snowden

A former CIA employee and NSA contractor who leaked classified documents in 2013, exposing government spying operations.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to give more credence to ideas that agree with one's pre-existing opinions, reinforced by social media.

Affordable Care Act and Dodd-Frank reforms

Legislative achievements of President Obama's first term that continued to face conservative criticism.

Great Recession

The economic crisis of 2008-2009 from which the economy's recovery remained feeble.

Racial issues

The emergence of racial tensions and incidents during Obama's second term, challenging the notion of a post-racial era.

Trayvon Martin

An unarmed African-American teenager who was fatally shot by an armed resident of a Florida gated community, sparking national outrage and discussions about racial profiling.

Black Lives Matter

A protest movement that gained momentum in response to the killings of African-Americans by police officers, advocating for justice and an end to systemic racism.

"All Lives Matter" and "Blue Lives Matter"

Counter-cries to the Black Lives Matter movement, with "All Lives Matter" emphasizing the value of all lives and "Blue Lives Matter" defending law enforcement officers.

Mass shootings

Instances of mass shootings in various locations across the United States, highlighting the ongoing issue of gun violence and the lack of effective gun control laws.

Benghazi attack

The attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, in 2012, resulting in the deaths of the U.S. ambassador and three other Americans, leading to political recriminations against then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.

Syrian civil war and ISIS

The outbreak of civil war in Syria in 2011, leading to a complex conflict involving the Syrian government, rebel factions, and the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

Russian interference in the 2016 election

Allegations of Russian hacking and interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, leading to investigations into possible collusion between Russia and the Trump campaign.

Trump's victory

Donald J. Trump's surprising victory in the 2016 presidential election, winning the Electoral College despite losing the popular vote, and becoming the oldest and richest person ever elected to the presidency.

Trump's first months in office

The chaotic start of Trump's presidency, marked by controversies, high-level staff turnover, and difficulties in fulfilling campaign promises.

Executive Orders

Orders issued by the President of the United States that have the force of law and can be used to implement and enforce policies.

Clean Energy

Energy sources that have minimal impact on the environment and do not produce greenhouse gas emissions.

Protecting Immigrants

Policies aimed at providing legal protections and support for immigrants, particularly those brought to the United States as young children by undocumented parents.

Muslim-Majority Countries

Countries with a majority Muslim population.

Massive Protests

Large-scale demonstrations and gatherings of people expressing their opposition or support for a particular cause or issue.

Judicial Blockage

The act of preventing or delaying the implementation of a policy or action through legal means, typically through court rulings.

#MeToo

A social media movement that emerged in response to allegations of sexual harassment and assault, encouraging individuals to share their own experiences.

Sexual Misconduct

Inappropriate or unwanted sexual behavior, including harassment, assault, or abuse.

Gropers

Individuals who engage in unwanted touching or physical contact, particularly of a sexual nature.

Semblance of Order

A state or condition in which there is a perceived level of organization or structure, even if it is not fully achieved.

Military Officers

High-ranking members of the military who hold leadership positions and are responsible for making strategic decisions.

Shambolic Leadership Style

A leadership style characterized by disorganization, chaos, and lack of clear direction.

Republican Senate

The majority party in the United States Senate, consisting primarily of members from the Republican Party.

Federal Judgeships

Positions within the federal judiciary, including judgeships in various courts across the country.

Federal Regulations

Rules and guidelines established by the federal government to govern various aspects of society and the economy.

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

A comprehensive tax reform bill passed by Congress and signed into law by the President, aimed at reducing tax rates and stimulating economic growth.

Corporate Tax Rate

The percentage of a corporation's profits that is paid in taxes to the government.

Individual Mandate

A provision of the Affordable Care Act that required individuals to have health insurance or pay a penalty.

National Debt

The total amount of money owed by the federal government, resulting from deficits and borrowing over time.

Partisan Measures

Actions or decisions that are driven by political party affiliation and do not have bipartisan support.

America First

A slogan used by President Trump to emphasize his focus on prioritizing American interests and policies.

U.S

The strategies and actions taken by the United States government in its interactions with other countries and international organizations.

Isolationist

A policy or ideology that advocates for a country to limit its involvement in international affairs and focus on its own interests.

Globalization

The process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas.

Multilateral Institutions

Organizations or agreements involving multiple countries that work together to address global issues and promote cooperation.

Security Guarantees

Assurances provided by one country to another, typically involving military support or protection.

Paris Climate Accord

An international agreement aimed at combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Nuclear-Armed

Referring to a country or entity that possesses nuclear weapons.

Free-Market Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of resources and the pursuit of profit through voluntary exchange in competitive markets.

Inequality

The unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and wealth among individuals or groups within a society.

Prejudice

Preconceived opinions or attitudes towards individuals or groups based on stereotypes or biases.

Forever Wars

Ongoing military conflicts or engagements that seem to have no clear end or resolution.