EPHE 141 Lab Quiz 8 (CVS 1)

what are the formed elements in blood?

red and white blood cells + platelets

why aren’t red blood cells considered cells?

they lack a nucleus and mitocondria

What is transported by the systemic circuit? (there’s lots)

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients from the digestive tract or released by adipose tissue, metabolic wastes, hormones, ions, lactic, antibodies, RBC, WBC, toxins

tunica intima

• the innermost layer of blood vessels

• simple squamous ENDOthelium surrounded by an elastic connective tissue layer

tunica media

• middle layer of blood vessels

• smooth muscle surrounded by a layer of elastic connective tissue

tunica externa

• outer layer of blood vessels

• loosely packed connective tissue (primarily collagen fibres)

distinguish arteries from veins structurally

• veins have valves, arteries do not

• artery walls have a thicker tunica media

• veins have a larger lumen

• veins have a thicker tunica externa

list the structures in the pulmonary circuit that deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart, and that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

• pulmonary trunk

• pulmonary arteries

• lobar branches of the pulmonary arteries

• pulmonary arterioles

• capillary plexuses around alveoli

• pulmonary venules

• lobar branches of the pulmonary veins

• pulmonary veins

what structure supplies blood to the conducting passageways of the lungs?

the bronchial arteries

what makes up the pericardial sec?

1. parietal pericardium

2. fibrous pericardium

what are the junctions between individual cardiac muscle cells called?

intercalated discs

How does cardiac muscle tissue differ from skeletal muscle?

1. intercalated discs

2. muscle fibres branching

what is the coronary sulcus? What is located there?

separation between the atria and ventricles on the external surface of the heart, where the coronary sinus is located

what is the anterior interventricular sulcus? What is located there?

separation between the left and right ventricles on the surface of the heart, where coronary arteries and cardiac veins are located

full name, location, and role of the SA node

• sinoatrial node

• located on top of the right atrium

• primary pacemaker of the heart

full name, location, and role of the AV node

• atrioventricular node

• between the left and right ventricles (sort of)

• secondary pacemaker of the heart

location of the tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

location of the pulmonary semilunar valve

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

location of the bicuspid valve

between the left atrium and left ventricle

location of the aortic semilunar valve

between the left ventricle and the base of the aorta

what is the name of the structure that separates the left and right ventricles?

the interventricular septum

what is the first branch off of the aortic arch?

the brachiocephalic artery

what is the second branch off the aortic arch?

the left common carotid artery

what is the third branch off the aortic arch?

the left subclavian artery

what kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, also has mucous cells

what kind of epithelium is olfactory epithelium

specialized neuroepithelium, containing olfactory receptors

what is the anterior portion of the nasal septum composed of?

hyaline cartilage (septal)

what is the laryngopharynx continuous with?

the larynx

where is the opening of the auditory tube located?

in the nasopharynx

what are the auditory/pharyngotympanic tubes?

• connect the pharynx with the space deep to the ear drum

• equalize air pressure (ears popping during swallowing or yawning)

• drain fluid

functions of the larynx

• open passageway for air on its way to the lungs (opening to the trachea)

• preventing liquids and food into the respiratory tract (epiglottis)

• producing sound (voice box)

what system are the tonsils part of?

lymphatic system

what bone connects to the larynx?

the hyoid bone

which is anterior: trachea or esophagus?

trachea

how many secondary bronchi are there and why?

5 - one going to each lobe of the lungs (3 on the right, 2 on the left)

define external respiration

gas exchange in the lungs across the respiratory membrane

define internal respiration

gas exchange at the cellular level throughout the rest of the body

what is the name of the division above the inferior lung on both sides?

oblique fissure

what is the name of the division between the middle and superior lobes of the right lung

horizontal fissure

name of the cavity separating the two pleural cavities

mediastinum

name of the serous membrane surrounding the lungs

pleura

function of the pleura

• serous membrane covering the lungs

• reduces friction between surfaces during breathing

• lubrication

visceral pleura location

covering the lungs

parietal pleura location

covering the walls of the thoracic cavity

costal parietal pleura location

covering internal wall, deep to the ribs

diaphragmatic parietal pleura location

covering the superior surface of the diaphragm

what is the hilum?

the indentation where a primary bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter one of the lungs

what hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland release?

antidiuretic, oxytocin

what hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland release?

releasing and inhibiting hormones

what hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

infundibulum

where is the pineal gland located?

roughly posterior to the thalamus

where is the thymus located

inferior to the thyroid gland

where are the parathyroid glands located?

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

where are the adrenal glands located?

superior to each of the kidneys (“on the superior poles”)

what hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

what hormone does the thymus release?

thymosin

what hormone does the thyroid gland release?

thyroxine (T4)

what hormone does the parathyroid release?

parathyroid

what hormone do the ovaries produce?

estrogen and progesterone

what hormones do the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas produce?

• alpha cells: glucagon

• beta cells: insulin

what kind of neurons does the adrenal medulla contain?

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

list the valves in the heart going from right atrium through to the aorta

1. tricuspid valve / right atrioventricular valve

2. pulmonary semilunar valve

3. bicuspid valve / left atrioventricular valve

4. aortic semilunar valve