MCAT important structures to know

triacyl glycerol (Triglycerides)

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.

can be saponified or hydrolyzed using base

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

Backbone of a steroid molecule

Steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

derived from cholesterol

Cortisol

corticosterone

aldosterone

Testosterone

a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone

beta-estradiol

Terpenes

-metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules

-odiferous chemicals

-class of lipids built from isoprene

- carbons are grouped in multiples of 5

-grouped according to the # of isoprene units present

-a single terpene consists of 2 isoprene units

Pyrophosphates

Phosphatides

phosphonic acid

Benzene

an aromatic hydrocarbon, C6H6

Benzyl

(C6H5CH2)

Phenyl

(C6H5)

Phenols

aromatic hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group

Quinones

derived from aromatic hydrocarbons

Hydroquinone

Benzoquinone

oxidize the hydroxyls in hydroquinone

Losing oxygen atoms or adding hydrogen atoms and electrons is _____. Adding oxygen atoms or losing hydrogen atoms and electrons is _____.

Losing oxygen atoms or adding hydrogen atoms and electrons is Reduction. Adding oxygen atoms or losing hydrogen atoms and electrons is Oxidation.

Hydroxyl to ketone to carboxylic acid is:

Hydroxyl to Ketone to Carboxylic Acid is Oxidation

carboxylic acid to ketone to hydroxyl is:

Carboxylic acid to ketone to hydroxyl is Reduction

Ubiquinone

component of the electron transport chain

Saponification

triglyceride (fat or oil) + NaOH -> Glycerol + 3 soap molecules

Saponification occurs under BASIC conditions (FA shown as salts)

Prostaglandins

Phospholipids

DNA

DNA nucleotides consist of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

RNA

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

GTP: Guanosine Triphosphate

Cytosine

pyrimidine

Uracil

Pyrimidine

Thymine

Pyrimidine

Guanine

Purine

Adenine

Purine

Maltose

glucose + glucose with alpha glycosidic bond

Lactose

galactose + glucose with beta glycosidic bond

Sucrose

glucose + fructose with alpha glycosidic bond

Adenosine

Nucleoside

Deoxythymidine

Ribose

Deoxyribose

formyl group

Draw formaldehyde

Draw formic acid

Draw an acetyl group

Drawn an acetaldehyde

Draw acetic acid

Draw acetone

Draw acetylacetone

Draw acetophenone

Draw a benzyl group

Hemiacetal

Hemiketal

Sphingolipids