Biomedical Technology Final Exam Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of 100 flashcards covering biomedical research types, animal welfare regulations, genetics, nanotechnology, and forensic pathology based on the lecture notes.

What type of research is used to increase fundamental knowledge and serves as the building blocks for all other types of research?

Basic

What type of research is directed toward a specific objective, such as developing a new drug or treatment?

Applied

Which type of research takes place in a hospital or clinical setting and focuses on prevention, diagnosis, or treatment?

Applied

What type of research involves testing potential drugs and treatments in humans?

Clinical

What is the science devoted to studying life processes, disease prevention/treatment, and genetic/environmental factors related to health?

Biomedical Research

Which disease was eradicated worldwide thanks to a vaccine discovered by Edward Jenner?

Smallpox

What cancer, previously fatal to many women, has been treated with monoclonal antibodies since their discovery in 1975?

Breast

A study group of healthy human volunteers receiving a potential new polio vaccine is an example of what type of research?

Clinical

Researching a topic like Ebola in a library or computer lab is classified as what type of research?

Basic

What does the term 'In vitro' mean?

In glass

What committee is responsible for reviewing and approving all procedures involving animals in a research facility?

Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)

In addition to reviewing procedures, what else must the IACUC do twice a year?

Inspect the facilities to ensure compliance with the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)

Which specific laboratory animals are NOT protected under the Animal Welfare Act?

Mice, rats, and birds

What percentage of all research animals is comprised of mice and rats?

$$97\%$$

Which organization is responsible for enforcing the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)?

United States Department of Agriculture

According to the AWA, all animal use proposals must be reviewed and approved by which group?

Institutional Animal Care & Use

What is one reason animals are frequently used in medical research?

They are inexpensive to house, feed, and take care of

Which organization conducts annual unannounced inspections of animal research facilities?

USDA

Research on dogs led to the development of pacemakers and open heart surgery for patients with what condition?

Heart Disease

What deadly disease causing convulsions was treated in the early 1900s using research on dogs and rabbits?

Rabies

According to the transcript, which global organization helps prevent outbreaks all over the world?

EPA

Which agency regulates substances in the environment that may be hazardous to humans?

EPA

The discovery of what type of drug prevents patients from feeling pain after surgery?

Anesthesia

Which agency is responsible for regulating safety in the workplace?

OSHA

Which agency regulates food and drugs within the United States?

FDA

Under what condition is animal research considered valid?

If the animals aren't stressed out

What is one of the most well-known animal rights groups?

PETA

Transgenic animals are created by inserting a ____________ from another species.

Gene

From which animal is a xenograft typically derived?

A pig

What must be applied for from the US Patent and Trademark office when a new transgenic organism is created?

Patent

What is the term for using transgenic animals to produce pharmaceuticals?

Pharming

What is the term for a precise genetic copy?

Reproductive cloning

In somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), what type of egg has its nucleus removed?

Fertilized

In SCNT, what is inserted into the enucleated oocyte?

The nucleus of a single Somatic Cell

Which type of cloning uses SCNT to allow for the production of perfectly matched tissue?

Therapeutic

Which disease is believed to be a candidate for benefit from therapeutic cloning?

Parkinsons

What career involves organizing the tests of new drugs in human subjects?

Clinical Trial Associates

The field of biotechnology emerged in the early 1980s with the development of which two technologies?

Cloning and Recombinant DNA

Who participated in the Human Genome Project?

Researchers from around the world

Who regulates the safe amount of radiologic material exposure for radiographers?

Federal government

Which career professional helps people understand the risks of inherited diseases?

Genetics Counselor

Which scientist studied inheritance patterns in pea plants in 1865?

Gregory Mendel

If a mother is type O (OO) and a father is type A (AO), what are the possible offspring blood types?

A, O

Predict the sequence of the complementary DNA strand for: GCA AGA GAT AAT TGT.

CGT TCT CTA TTA ACA

Describe the process of producing insulin via Recombinant DNA.

Insulin producing genes are removed from cells of the pancreas; a plasmid is removed from a bacterium; they are joined in a plasmid ring and reimplanted into the bacterium.

How many genes were identified in humans by the Human Genome Project?

$20,000$ to $25,000$

What is a potential risk associated with the widespread use of nanoparticles?

Bioaccumulation of particles in the food chain

In what year did the use of nanotechnology begin?

$$1974$$

What is the application of nanotechnology tools to study and manipulate biological systems?

Nano Biotechnology

What is one medical application of nano biotechnology?

Developing bandages that release special particles to stop bleeding and infection

Which measurement is closest to the width of DNA, or approximately one nanometer?

Width of DNA

Based on the transcript, what is the stated purpose of regenerative medicine?

none of the above

Regenerative medicine has NOT yet been used to replace which type of cells?

Nerve Cells

What is the process of removing all cells and tissues from an organ to leave only the extracellular matrix scaffold?

Decellularization

What are the cells called that develop from zygote to adult and are capable of forming all of an organism's tissues?

Stem Cells

What machine creates solid objects by laying down layers of plastic?

Bioprinter

What do vaccines induce the body to build?

Immunity to a disease without getting the actual disease

When does 'herding' occur in a community?

When enough people are vaccinated that the unvaccinated person does not get sick

Which group of people is specifically helped by conjugated vaccines?

Infants and young children

Which two diseases have re-emerged despite being vaccine-preventable?

Whooping Cough and Measles

What are the three methods used for vaccine manufacturing?

Pharming, cell cultures, and plant cultures

What is the term for a cancer-causing agent?

Mutagen and/or Carcinogen

Why are most cancers labeled as 'monoclonal'?

They originate from one ancestral type of cell

What is a tumor cell called if it stays in the tissue of origin and does not migrate?

Benign

What is one method the body uses to control the growth of cancerous cells?

Apoptosis

According to the transcript, which of the following is NOT a stride in decreasing cancer deaths?

Ethics

What age group experiences the most cancer deaths?

$75$ - $84$

What is the leading cause of all cancers?

Mutations in DNA

What are the sections of DNA that can mutate and lead to cancerous cell production called?

Oncogenes

Which male ethnic group has the highest incidence rate of all types of cancer?

Caucasian

Which factor is NOT associated with an increased rate of cancer?

Healthy diet

The majority of all cancers share what type of origin?

Monoclonal in origin

What historical discovery was made using epidemiology regarding chimney sweeps?

They had a higher incidence of scrotal cancer than men who were not chimney sweeps

When does cancer develop and can it result from different causes?

Across time

What do cancer cells take from normal cells as they multiply rapidly?

Space and Nutrients

What is a mass of cancer cells called?

A Tumor

What are organisms that are naturally found on the body but cause infection when the immune system is compromised?

Opportunistic

What do we call organisms, such as mosquitoes, that transmit infectious pathogens?

Vectors

What misshapen proteins cause diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob?

Prions

Which type of white blood cell specifically defends the body against worm infections?

Eosinophils

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory response?

Lowering the temperature in the affected area

The use of killed or weakened strains of pathogens in vaccines led to the eradication of which disease?

Smallpox

What type of immunity do you have if you are unlikely to get chicken pox again after having it as a child?

Acquired Immunity

Which type of pathogen can be treated with antibiotics?

Bacteria

According to the CDC and NIH, which disease has been officially eradicated?

Smallpox

Who produced the first vaccine against smallpox?

Edward Jenner

Which pathogen lacks a metabolism and cannot reproduce without a host cell?

Virus

Which federal agency is responsible for issuing public warnings regarding disease transmission?

CDC

Which drug can cause opportunistic infections and liver damage if taken for extended periods?

Erythromycin

Why is Tuberculosis classified as a reemerging disease?

Antibiotic resistance

Infectious disease is the leading cause of death globally and the ____ leading cause of death in the US.

Second

What are the specific protocols that must be followed when performing lab tests?

SOP

When is the third step (microscopic examination) of a urinalysis performed?

Every time something abnormal is found

What type of autopsy is performed to better understand disease progression and treatment effects?

Clinical

Who is the professional responsible for determining the cause of death in accidents, suicides, and homicides?

Medical Examiner

Where does blood settle in the body after death?

The lowest part of the body

What is the stiffening of body muscles after death caused by chemical changes?

Rigor Mortis

Repeated brain injury in athletes leads to degenerative brain disease due to tangles of what protein?

Tau Protein

What can a clinical autopsy help discover, making their decline in frequency unfortunate?

Misdiagnosis, additional undiagnosed conditions, and need for changes in treatment protocol

To be a DNA match at 13 locations, a person must have the same _________.

Alleles