Biology summer ass

What are villi?

Tiny finger-like projections in the ileum that increase surface area for fast nutrient absorption

Where are villi found?

In the ileum of the small intestine

What is the function of lacteals in villi?

Absorb fats

What structures are found inside villi?

Lacteals, lymph vessels and capillaries

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts made of proteins

What is a substrate?

The substance an enzyme acts on

What does lactase break down?

Lactose

What are the products of lactose breakdown?

Glucose and galactose

What are immobilised enzymes?

Enzymes held in a fixed position

Why are immobilised enzymes useful?

They reduce production costs because they are reusable

What are immobilised enzymes used for?

Producing lactose-free milk

What is DNA replication?

The copying of double-stranded DNA to form two identical DNA molecules

Why is DNA replication important in the cell cycle?

It ensures each daughter cell gets an identical and full copy of chromosomes

What is evolution?

A change in inherited traits over a long period of time caused by environmental changes

What is a scientific theory?

The best explanation of an observation supported by evidence

What is phylogeny?

The evolutionary history and relationships between species

What are the three domains of life?

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota

What is a prokaryote?

An organism without a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles

What is transcription?

The copying of genetic information from DNA into mRNA

What is translation?

The process of converting mRNA into protein chains at the ribosome

What is a ribosome made of?

RNA and protein

What is a polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids forming a protein

Where does polypeptide folding occur?

In the endoplasmic reticulum

What helps proteins fold correctly?

Chaperone proteins

Why is protein folding important?

A protein only works if folded into the correct 3D shape

What is mitosis?

Nuclear division

What does PMAT stand for?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that cannot make its own food and must consume food

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

It contracts and moves downward

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation?

They contract and pull the ribs upwards and outwards

What happens to chest cavity volume during inhalation?

It increases

What happens to pressure in the chest cavity during inhalation?

It decreases

Why does air enter the lungs during inhalation?

Lower pressure inside the chest cavity sucks air in

Where does gas exchange occur?

In the alveoli

What happens to oxygen in the alveoli?

It diffuses into the capillaries and enters the blood

Where is oxygen-rich blood carried after gas exchange?

To the heart

Where are blood cells produced?

In the bone marrow

What blood components are produced in bone marrow?

RBC, WBC, platelets

What shape are red blood cells?

Biconcave disks

What is the function of haemoglobin?

Transport oxygen

What is the function of white blood cells?

Protect against infection

What is the function of platelets?

Seal breaks in blood vessels and stop bleeding

Where are antigens found?

on the surface of blood cells

What are antibodies?

Proteins in plasma that attack foreign antigens

Which blood group is the universal donor?

O

Which blood group is the universal recipient?

AB

What antigens are present in blood group A?

A antigens

What antibodies are present in blood group A?

Anti-B antibodies

What antigens are present in blood group B?

B antigens

What antibodies are present in blood group B?

Anti-A antibodies

What antigens are present in blood group AB?

A and B antigens

What antibodies are present in blood group AB?

No antibodies

What antigens are present in blood group O?

none

What antibodies are present in blood group O?

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies