Schools Exam 3

Native American education was generally ______ yet _____

informal, systematic

Native American education - two fold/main practices

• learning through experience & imitation

• traditions, customs, beliefs passed down orally

Native American education - values focused on

• generosity, cooperation, respect, diligence, courage, obedience

  • individual is part of a larger collection that has to work together to thrive

Native American education - post Europoean control

• attempts to “Americanize” or “civilize” native peoples

• native children moved to “boarding schools”

Early (European) American Education

• Early American education system heavily influenced by European practice & thinkers 

• Emphasis of education changes over time

  • Becomes a unique system (sort of becomes a blueprint)

Prior to Civil War…

• education opportunity reflected values of region

• three regions

  • south

  • mid-atlantic

  • new england

• common textbook: the Bible

Southern States

• Schooling based on class distinctions

  • Plantation owner’s children would be tutored at home

  • (Non-African) workers trained in vocation

  • Illegal to teach/school enslaved peoples (out of fear of them rising up)

Mid-Atlantic States

• Large variety of ethnic groups living side by side

  • Schools set up by different cultural groups to reflect different values, language, culture

New England (Colonies) States

• Common values develop an informal school system 

• Mass. Act of 1642

  • Learn to read to understand religious principles 

• Mass. Act of 1647 (Old Deluder Satan Act)

  • Establishment of schools to promote literate, hard working citizens

    • Buffer against Satan

Early Teachers

• Teacher certification did not exist

  • Rural teachers (often) had little training or education

  • Urban teachers (north) more education

• Very important: moral character & religious orthodoxy

Early Schools

• the colonial schoolhouse

• monitorial schools

• latin grammar schools

• english academy

• religious schools

Colonial Schoolhouse

• one room with different age groups

• based on memorization, repetition, and punishment

Monitorial Schools

• older students monitored younger students

Latiin Grammar Schools

• if you were super wealthy

• college prep programs focusing on Latin & Greek literature

English Academy

• the acquisition & application of practical knowledge

• Ben Franklin

Religious Schools

• school philosophy reflecting religious values

Post Civil War public education

• Public Schools (Common Schools): Tax supported, 3 R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic) & history for all children for three years

  • Not required but had the opportunity

  • Early-mid 1800s

  • Primary supported: Horace Mann

    • Classical emphasis

teacher education (post civil war)

• Turned to women because they needed a lot of them and could not pay them very much

• Teacher education develops to support new school

Normal Schools: Teacher education for high standards

Public schools from 1851 on

• 1851: MA passes first compulsory education law (everybody MUST go)

• 1918: All states have compulsory education

• Rise of Comprehensive High Schools (academic + vocational)

  • 1910: 19% attended

  • 1955: 80% graduated

• Almost all segregated based on race

Horace Mann

• advocate for public + teacher education

John Dewey

“father of modern American education”

• progressive

• focus on the child, active learning, problem solving

Booker T. Washington

• helped establish quality schools for African Americans in era of segregation and Jim Crow

Influence of Supreme Court

• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896-1954

  • Supports separate but equal (segregation)

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

  • Segregation by race is unconstitutional

  • Very unpopular decision for many

Education 1950s to Present

• 1957: Sputnik - emphasis on science and math

• Eisenhower & Kennedy deal w racial inequality (Brown v Board)

• Johnson’s “Great Society” brings new programs to schools

• 1979: Carter makes Department of Education (DOE) cabinet level position 

• 1983: Reagan tries to dismantle DOE

• Early-mid 90s: lawsuits force States to help equalize funding in local districts

  • Increased funding along with increased control

• Clinton: established Goals 2000

• (W.) Bush: increased emphasis on tying test scores to government resources

• Obama: continues much of NCLB (Race to Top)

  • Increased emphasis on merit pay

• Trump: executive order repealing federal regulations

  • Cuts in funding

  • Teacher training standards

  • Increased emphasis on Charters, Vouchers, & Private 

• Biden

  • Reemphasis on Public Schools

    • 41% increase to DOE

      • Most going to Title 1 program

        • Doubling funding for high poverty schools

  • Attempted changes in gun laws

• Trump

  • Overall budget unclear

  • Eliminate DOE

    • SOE: Linda McMahon

  • Repeal of loan forgiveness (public employees)

  • “Return” education to states