Public Health Quiz 2 (Lassila)

_____________ _______________ is a process of monitoring and reporting levels of disease activity in a community or country or at the state or national level

Disease surveillance

______________ ___________ are the number of new cases of a disease in a population within a specified time period

Incidence rates

________________ ___________ are the number of existing cases of a disease in a population regardless of how long individuals have been ill

Prevalence rates

What is a sentinel case?

The first case of disease in an outbreak

An ____________ occurs in a population at a low but consistent and persistent levels, so that a limited number of cases occur each year

Endemic

An __________________ is when a disease outbreak spreads to many individuals in one or more populations across two or more geographic areas

Epidemic

A _____________ is a disease outbreak that involves many people and many countries around the globe

Pandemic

Who was the physician that became known as the father of medicine and the first epidemiologist?

Hippocrates

Hippocrates attempted to describe disease from a ____________ basis instead of a _________________ explanation

Rational, supernatural

What did Edward Jenner do?

He created the smallpox vaccination

Who is known as the father of epidemiology?

John Snow

What did John Snow do?

Used the scientific method to test the hypothesis that cholera was transmitted by contaminated water

What was the first major epidemiologic study of chronic disease?

The Framingham Study

-Cohort study design

During the Health Protection era of public health, what was the focus of attention?

Authority based control of individual and community behaviors

During the Hygiene Movement era of public health, what was the focus of attention?

Sanitary conditions as basis for improved health

During the Contagion Control era of public health, what was the focus of attention?

Demonstration of infectious origins of disease

During the Health promotion/disease prevention era of public health, what was the focus of attention?

Individual behavior and disease detection in vulnerable and general populations

During the Population Health era of public health, what was the focus of attention?

Coordination of public health, health care, and public policy based upon shared evidence and systems thinking

The _______________ is a fundamental document that governs issues of public health and healthcare law

Constitution

True or False: the U.S. Constitutions requires governments to act to protect public health or to provide healthcare services

False

______________ _____________ allows states to pass legislation and take actions to protect common good

Police power

What are some examples of police power?

-Mask mandates

-Quarantine

-Hurricane Katrina

-Expedited partner therapy

Which part of the US Constitution is the major source of federal authority in public health and health care

Interstate Commerce Clause

How many divisions are there within the Department of Health and Human Services?

11 divisions

What are some of the roles of the Department of Health and Human Services?

-Set national priorities for health and public health

-Support and fund programs and research

-Monitor the health of the nation

-Interact with the international partners to promote health

__________ is the main epidemiologic and assessment agency for the nation.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control)

The ________ is the greatest biomedical research complex in the world

NIH (National Institute of Health)

Who is responsible for coordinating activities of local health agencies and providing funding?

State Health Departments

What is the main distinction between a law and a policy?

Who can create it and how it can be enforced

____________ _____________ is the approach that views the equitable distribution of health as a social responsibility

Social Justice

____________ ___________ is the approach that emphasizes individual rather than collective responsibility for health

Market justice

What are the three principles relevant to the ethics of research involving human subjects?

Respect, Justice, Beneficence

Individuals should be treated as _______________ _____________

Autonomous agents

______________ means that people must be empowered to make decisions concerning their own actions and well being

Autonomy

A prospective research subject's autonomy is honored through the process of _____________ ___________.

Informed consent

True or False: once a person chooses to be a participant in research, they do not have the option to end their participation

False: they must be free to end their participation at any time for any reason

_________________ is the assessment of benefits and risks to minimize risk and maximize potential benefits

Beneficence

_______________ is the equitable distribution of burdens and benefits

Justice

Who is responsible for day-to-day public tasks, core public health functions, and providing medical care for the underserved?

Local county and city health departments

Organizations such as the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and American Diabetes Association are examples of organization that focus on specific _________________.

Diseases

What kind of organizations are the American Medical Association, American Nurses Association, and American Public Health Association?

Professional membership organizations

What is the Institutional Review Board?

A committee charged with the review of human participant research to assure that the rights and welfare of human participants are adequately protected

Why was the institutional Review Board created?

To ensure the ethical conduct of research

What are some of the responsibilities of an Institutional Review Board?

-Protect human subjects

-Minimize risks and maximize benefits

-Have adequate procedures for obtaining informed consent

-Ensure subject selection is equitable

-Have safeguards for vulnerable subjects

What is the NHANES?

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Why was NHANES designed?

To assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States

-Combines interviews and physical exams

In NHANES, what is the interview portion composed of?

Demographic, socioeconomic, dietary and health-related questions

The _______________ portion of NHANES includes medical, dental, physiological measurements, and lab tests

Examination

The finding of NHANES will be used to determine the ________________ of major disease and ____________ ______________ for diseases

Prevalence, Risk factors

Explain Healthy People 2030:

A set of national public health objectives produced by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

What are some of the goals of Health People 2030?

-Achieve high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease

-Achieve health equity

-Create environments that promote good health

-Promote quality of life

Health People prioritizes the issues that affect the health of the U.S. ___________________________.

Population

What is the purpose of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)?

Make evidence based recommendations about clinical preventive services such as screenings, counseling services, or preventive medications

What reading level should informed consent be written in?

8th grade