C3 Structure and Bonding

What illustrates the three states of matter and emphasizes the arrangement and movement of particles in each state?

The particle model.

In solids, how are particles arranged?

Particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.

What results when atoms gain or lose electrons?

Ions are formed.

What do metal atoms become when they lose electrons?

Positive ions, also known as cations.

What do non-metal atoms become when they gain electrons?

Negative ions, also known as anions.

What type of structure do ionic bonds create due to the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions?

A giant ionic lattice structure.

What are two properties of ionic compounds?

High melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces; do not conduct electricity in solid form.

What happens to ionic compounds when they are melted or dissolved in water?

They can conduct electricity due to free-moving ions.

What occurs during covalent bonding?

Non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve full outer shells.

How do covalent bonds differ based on the number of shared electrons?

Single bonds involve one pair of shared electrons, double bonds involve two pairs.

What are giant covalent structures known for?

High melting and boiling points due to many atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds.

What is the structure of metals like in relation to conductivity?

Positive ions surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons.

Why are pure metals malleable?

Layers can slide over each other.

What defines a nanoparticle?

Particles with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.

What unique property allows graphite to conduct electricity?

Delocalised electrons that can move freely.

How do the layers of graphite compare to those of diamond in terms of hardness?

Graphite is softer due to weaker forces between layers.

What are fullerenes?

Molecules composed entirely of carbon, arranged in hollow shapes like spheres or tubes.

What are carbon nanotubes known for?

Exceptional strength and electrical conductivity.

What common classifications are used for particulate matter in air quality measurements?

PM10 (10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (2.5 micrometers).

What is the significance of the unique structures of nanoparticles?

They exhibit different properties from bulk materials, leading to various applications.

What are two applications of fullerenes in technology?

Drug delivery systems and lubricants.

What are ethical considerations surrounding the use of nanotechnology?

The impact on health and the environment.