Geology

Convergent plate boundary

Occur when plates collide

Continental-continental convergence

Plates of similar density push up against one another (folding); creating a mountain range

Continental-oceanic convergence

Volcanic mountain: an opening in earth’s crust when magma makes its way to the surface , erupting as lava, rock, ash, and volcanic ash

Ocean-ocean convergence

Island Arcs (oceanic mountains) and ocean trench.

Islands form an arc when two oceanic plates converge, creating a row of islands above the overriding plate. Older ocean plate, which is heavier and denser, forced beneath the lighter plate.

Divergent boundary

When two tectonic plates move away from each other

Continental-continental divergence

A rift is a dropped zone that occurs when the plates are pulling apart

As the crust widens and thins, valleys form in and around the area, as do volcanoes

Eventually, the widening crust along the boundary may become thin enough that a piece of the continent breaks off, forming new tectonic plates

Oceanic-oceanic divergence

A mid ocean ridge forms on an ocean floor at the boundary between two diverging tectonic plates

New crust (the youngest ocean rock) forms from the upwelling magma

This happens when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary

Transform

Earthquakes!

Two tectonic plates slide in opposite directions and create an earthquake.

Which plate moves below other plate in convergent boundary?

Ocean plate (more dense) under continental, creating a subduction zone

Convection currents

Rising and cooling of magma

How do convection currents move plate boundaries?

Drive plate tectonics by creating a convection current in magma of earth

Transform boundary

Convergent plate boundary

Divergent boundary

A?

Ocean-ocean convergence

B?

Transform boundary

C.

Divergent (oceanic/oceanic)

D?

Convergent plate boundaries!

What are convection currents?

(In mantel) drive movement of plate on surface of earth

Convection currents

Drive plate tectonics by creating current in magma of earth, driving plates to move!

Igneous

Formed from magma deep underground

Metamorphic

Formed by extreme heat and pressure underground. Minerals that make it up line up together creating distinct layers in the rock

Sedimentary

Rock that formed from other rocks

Difference between rock and mineral

Rock made up of two or more minerals, mineral is a single naturally occurring solid structure

Difference between surface mining and subsurface mining

Surface mining more destructive to ecosystem at surface

Subsurface mining largest producer of coal, surface provides small amount

Surface mining puts wide but shallow cuts into earth, subsurface produces deep paths bored into earth’s crust

Subsurface $$$

How to green mine/mine in more responsible way?

Localizing production of lithium instead of getting it from other parts of world to reduce carbon footprint

Use situmining, more environmentally friendly

Use green mining technologies such as mining from tailing, dust suppression techniques

Reclamation

Process of restoring land destroyed by mining operations to natural, stable, and productive state, often for agricultural, wildlife, or recreational use

Overall relationship between plate tectonics, rocks, minerals and mining

Continental-continental convergence is when plates of similar density push up against one another (folding), creating a mountain range. Rocks fall off mountain ranges, when large rocks crumble into smaller ones when they freeze. Rocks are made up of two or more minerals, which are mined to extract the minerals from them.

Soil type with worst drainage

Clay

What is soil porosity a measure of?

The volume of open spaces (pores) within soil, expressed as the percentage of the total soil volume.

Describe sandy soil

Not permeable

Crumbly, sandy, gritty

Which soil horizon has very little organic matter and accumulates soluble metals and nutrients that are transported from other soil layers?

B-horizon

Layer Rich in organic matter

A horizon

C- horizon

Bed rock crashed and weathered

What is soil a complex mixture of?

Water, air, mineral particles, organic matter

How is first way parent material (rock) weathered into smaller pieces?

Chemical-the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both

How is second way parent material (rock) weathered into smaller pieces

Physical- mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

Which soil particle is the largest?

Sand