Final Exam SOG

Gender differences in political attitudes/leanings

Women tend to be more liberal and focus on social welfare issues, while men tend to focus more on conservative economic and defense issues.

Gender differences in political priorities

Women prioritize healthcare, education, childcare, poverty, and reproductive rights, while men prioritize taxes, defense, and the economy.

Spectator political participation

Low

Transitional political participation

Medium

Gladiator political participation

High

Women’s political participation compared to other countries

The United States has lower female political representation than many industrialized countries.

Gender differences in political representation

Women remain underrepresented at local, state, and federal political levels.

Women in Congress historical representation

Women have historically made up a small percentage of Congress, though representation has slowly increased.

Widow’s succession

Women entering political office by replacing deceased husbands.

States with highest women representation

States like Nevada and Colorado have the highest percentages of women legislators.

States with lowest women representation

States like West Virginia and Mississippi have some of the lowest percentages of women legislators.

Barriers to women’s political participation

Includes stereotypes, lack of encouragement, work

Gender gap in political ambition

Men are more likely than women to consider running for office.

Reasons women are less likely to run

Women feel less qualified, receive less encouragement, and face stronger gender expectations.

Gender differences in political socialization

Boys are more encouraged to engage with politics than girls.

Gender differences in political exposure during adolescence

Boys are more likely to discuss politics and receive political encouragement growing up.

Gender differences in political exposure in college

Men tend to receive more political recruitment and encouragement in college settings.

Gender differences in encouragement to run for office

Men are more often encouraged by family and peers to seek office.

Media bias toward women politicians

Women politicians receive more attention to appearance, clothing, and family roles.

Media hurdles involving appearance

Female politicians are judged heavily on clothing, hairstyle, and attractiveness.

Media hurdles involving marriage and family

Women politicians face scrutiny about balancing family and leadership roles.

Changing voter attitudes toward women’s leadership

Most Americans now support women leaders, though gender bias still exists.

Political glass ceiling

Invisible barriers that prevent women from reaching top political positions.

Gender bias among voters

Some voters still perceive men as more competent leaders than women.

Women’s experiences in legislatures

Women legislators often report feeling less included and less supported than men.

Cross

national variation in work

U.S. work

family policy compared to other countries

Work

family conflict

Work

to

Family

to

Life events that increase spillover

Birth, illness, marriage changes, and death increase work

Work conditions that increase spillover

Long hours, inflexible schedules, and lack of childcare increase conflict.

Costs of work

family conflict for individuals

Costs of work

family conflict for society

Examples of work

family policies

Paid maternity and paternity leave

Time off after childbirth with financial compensation.

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

U.S. law providing eligible workers 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

Limitations of FMLA

Only applies to certain workers and provides unpaid rather than paid leave.

Gender differences in FMLA use

Women use leave more often and are more aware of benefits than men.

International parental leave policies

Many European countries provide paid parental leave unlike the U.S.

Mandatory paid vacation internationally

Most industrialized countries guarantee paid vacation time.

Mandatory work

hour limits internationally

Strategies women use for work

family balance

Heterosexual Questionnaire

A questionnaire exposing how heterosexuality is treated as the societal norm.

Heterosexism

The belief that heterosexuality is superior and more normal than other sexual orientations.

Difference between heterosexism and homophobia

Heterosexism is systemic bias while homophobia is individual fear or prejudice.

Compulsory heterosexuality

The expectation that everyone should be heterosexual.

Sexual orientation vs. sexual preference

“Orientation” is preferred because sexuality is not viewed as a choice.

Hybrid masculinity

Masculinity that incorporates traits associated with marginalized groups while maintaining male privilege.

Gay aesthetics

Fashion, behavior, or cultural styles associated with gay culture.

Motivations behind hybrid masculinity

Men use it to appear progressive while maintaining heterosexual privilege.

Consequences of hybrid masculinity

Can soften inequality without fully challenging male privilege.

Dominant image of gay men in America

Gay men are often portrayed as white, middle

White privilege within the gay community

White gay men often experience more acceptance and visibility.

Gay movement as a white movement

LGBTQ movements have historically centered white experiences.

Liberation vs. tolerance in LGBTQ movements

Liberation seeks systemic change while tolerance focuses on acceptance.

Experiences of gay men of color

They often face racism in LGBTQ spaces and homophobia in racial communities.

Consequences of marginalization for gay men of color

Isolation, discrimination, and reduced representation.

Stonewall Uprising

A major LGBTQ protest movement beginning after police raids in 1969.

Men’s and women’s criminal victimization

Men experience more violent crime while women experience more sexual violence.

Gender differences in fear of victimization

Women report greater fear of crime despite lower victimization rates overall.

Definition of rape

Non

Definition of sexual assault

Any unwanted sexual contact or behavior without consent.

Kaufman’s explanation of men’s violence

Men’s violence is tied to power, entitlement, and masculinity norms.

Privilege and power in violence

Violence helps maintain male dominance in patriarchy.

Entitlement and violence

Some men feel entitled to control and dominance over others.

Permission and violence

Society often normalizes or excuses male violence.

Paradox of power

Men fear losing social power even when privileged.

Psychic armor of manhood

Men are socialized to suppress emotions and vulnerability.

Masculinity as pressure cooker

Restricting emotions leads to anger and violence.

Past exposure to violence

Childhood exposure increases likelihood of violent behavior later.

Role of sports in violence

Sports may normalize aggression and dominance.

Antiviolence allies

Men working to end gender violence and inequality.

Sensitizing experiences

Experiences that increase awareness of gender violence issues.

Pathways into antiviolence work

Includes personal invitations, awareness, and community involvement.

Barriers to men’s antiviolence involvement

Fear of judgment, masculinity expectations, and lack of awareness.

Gender differences in life expectancy

Women generally live longer than men.

Women’s health paradox

Women live longer but report more illness and chronic conditions.

Historical trends in women’s health

Women historically had higher mortality rates due to childbirth and inequality.

Men’s health trends

Men experience more fatal illness and occupational injuries.

Leading causes of death by gender

Men die at higher rates from heart disease, accidents, and violence.

Gender differences in suicide

Men die by suicide at much higher rates than women.

Gender differences in depression

Women experience depression more frequently than men.

Women’s healthcare use

Women are more likely to seek medical care and routine checkups.

Biological explanations for health differences

Genetics, chromosomes, and hormones contribute to health differences.

Y chromosome disadvantage

The Y chromosome contains less genetic protection than the X chromosome.

Hormones and health

Estrogen may protect against heart disease while testosterone is linked to risk

Social explanations for health differences

Gender roles and occupational stress shape health outcomes.

Behavioral explanations for health differences

Risk

Gender inequality in healthcare

Medical systems have historically centered men’s health needs.

Gendered access to healthcare

Women seek more healthcare but often have fewer financial resources.

ADLs (Activities of Daily Living)

Basic self

IADLs (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living)

Tasks like cooking, shopping, and managing money.

Gendered access to health insurance

Men are more likely to have employer

Gendered long

term care experience

Gendered pathways into disability

Women’s longer life expectancy increases disability risk.

Sabo’s analysis of men’s health

Men’s health varies based on race, class, and sexuality.

Intersectionality and men’s health

Multiple identities shape health risks and experiences.

Gender norms and men’s health

Masculinity discourages emotional openness and healthcare use.

Health risks linked to masculinity

Aggression, drinking, smoking, and risk