Genetics Test
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Last updated 10:06 PM on 2/16/23
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40 Terms
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Genes
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Sections of DNA that serve as the blueprint/instructions for making proteins
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid
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Chromosomes
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tightly coiled strands of DNA
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Gene
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Section of DNA that has instructions to code for a protein
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DNA Replication
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Process of making an identical copy of DNA
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DNA Replication happens in the:
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Nucleus
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DNA Replication happens during the
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S Phase
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DNA Replication ensures that
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each new cell made will have exactly the same DNA as the original cell
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Polypeptide
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a chain of amino acids; can bind to others and fold into a protein
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DNA --->RNA
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transcription
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RNA ---> protein
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translation
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Transcription
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Carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus. DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA.
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Translation
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Read/follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a polypeptide
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Genetic Code
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code of instructions for how to make proteins
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Codon
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a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA
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Amino Acid
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monomer (building block) for making proteins, held together by peptide bonds
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Purpose of DNA Replication
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To make two identical DNA strands
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Purpose of Transcription
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To produce a strand of mRNA from DNA
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Purpose of Translation
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To produce a protein from mRNA
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Epigenetics
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The study of changes in gene expression that are heritable.
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Somatic Cells
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Body Cells (ex. blood cells, lung cells, heart cells, etc.)
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Gametes
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Sex Cells (ex. Egg and Sperm)
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Diploid Cells
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2 full sets of chromosomes (2n)
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Haplid Cells
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1 full set of chromosomes (n)
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Autosomes
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Carry traits that make you who you are.
Ex. The 1st 22 pairs of chromosomes
Ex. The 1st 22 pairs of chromosomes
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Karyotype
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diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell
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Sex Chromosome
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Carry traits that make you who you are AND determine your biological sex.
Ex. The 23rd pair of chromosomes (X or Y).
Ex. The 23rd pair of chromosomes (X or Y).
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Meiosis
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the process of cell division that makes gametes in the gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males).
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Fertilization
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the actual fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote.
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Homologous Chromosomes
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the actual fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote.
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Sister Chromatids
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2 identical copies of the same chromosome (Looks like an X)
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Purpose of Meiosis
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Meiosis is the process of creating gametes - sex cells that have HALF the normal number of chromosomes (only 1 set).
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Interphase
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Growth phase of the cell cycle
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Crossing Over
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During Prophase 1 homologous chromosomes are lined up together. This process creates new combinations of genes - chromosomes that are "part mom/part dad".
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Result of mitosis
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2 identical diploid somatic cells
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Result of meiosis
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4 unique haploid gametes
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Where does mitosis happen?
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throughout the body
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Where does meiosis happen?
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in the ovaries and testes
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When does meiosis happen?
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Females: before you are born; Males: throughout life