AP humna geo unit 3

culture

beliefs, values, practices, behaviors and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation

cultural trait

objects shared by a group, such as food and clothing as well language and other shared practices

traditional culture

composed of long-established behaviors, beliefs and practices down from generation

popular culture

widespread behaviors, beliefs, of ordinary people in society of a given point in time

ethnocentrism

the tendency of ethnic groups to evalute other groups according to preconcieved ideas origination from their own culture unique standards

cultural relativism

is the evaluation of a cultural soley by its unique standards

cultural norms

shared standers and aptterns that guide the behavior of a group of people, play an important role in upholding traditions and keep traditional culutre from changing

cultural landscapes

natural landscapes that has been modified by humans reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

identity

how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others

sequent occupance

the notion that succesive societies leave behind their cultural imprint

ethnicity

the state of belonging to a group of people share common cultural characteristics

ethnic neighborhoods

the state of belonging to a group of people share common cultural characteristics

traditional architecture

established buildings styles of different cultures, religions, and places

postmodern architecture

emerged in 9060 as reaction to “modern” designs which emphasized form, structure, and materials

religion

system of spiratual beleifs that helps form culture

pilgrimage

journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

language

carrier of human thoughts and cultural identies

toponyms

help define what is uinque about a place, such as its geographic feathures or history

gendered spaces

when society has a strict roles for men and women certain speaces may be designed and deliveratly incorporporated into these landscapes to accommodate gender roles

gender identity

is ones innermost concept of self as male, female a blend of both or neither

safe spaces

spaces of acceptance for people such as memembers of the LGBTQIA+ community who are sometimes maginalized by society

gentrification

renevations and improvments conforming to middle class preferences

third place

refers to a communal space such as coffee shop, fitness center, or bookstore that is seperate from home or work

sense of place

connecting memories and feelings

placemaking

community-driven process in which people colaberate to create a place where they can live, work, play and learn

adherents

people who are loyal to belief, religion or orginizations

denominations

seperate orginizations thats unite a number of local congretions

sect

relatively small group that has seprated from an establishemnt denomination

dialects

variation of standered langauge specific to a general areas

centripetal force

a force that unites a group of people

centrifugal force

force that divides a group of people

diffusion

procss by which a cultrual trait spreads from place to another overtime

cultural hearth

initally diffuses, or spreads, from there

expansion diffusion

occurs when an aspect of culture spreads outward from where it originated

contagious diffusion

occurs when an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently or to people or places that are next to one another

hierarchial diffusion

spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power and authority to other people or places

sttimuluis diffusion

occurs whgen the fundamenteal idea behind cultural trait simulates a new innovation

lingua franca

common language used among speakers of different languages, as conquered peoples adopted the language of the conquerer

creolization

occurs when people incorporate particular elemnts from incoming culture and endow them with new meanings

cultural divergance

divergance can ahppen when a person or group moves away from their core culture and is exposed to new cultrual traits

cultural convergance

as cultures interact with one another, they become more similar, sharing and adopting one anothers ideas, innovations and other cultural traits

acculturation

where people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

assimilation

a category of acculuration in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language and other cultural tratis of the other

multiculturalism

people in these spaces do not belong soley to one culture or another, they may share some cultural features with others around them while retaining some of their original cultural traits

collectivist cultures

where people are expected to confrom to collective responsibility within the family and to be obident to and respectul to elder family members

cultural appropriation

the act of adopting elements to another culture

syncretism

traits from 2 or more fultures blend together to form a new fustome idea, value, or practice

language family

the largest grouping ofrelated languages and include those languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or orgin

isolate

has no known historic or lingustic relationship with any other known language

language groups

languages wihin branch that share a common ancestor in relativly recent past and have vocabs with a high degree or overlap

language branch

collection of languages withing a family share a common orgin and were seperated from other branches in the family thousands of years ago

universalizing religions

attempt to appeal to wide variety of peoiple and are open to membership by all, regardless of person, location, language, or ethnicity

christianity

the religion is based on teachings of Jesus, a man beleived by the faithfull to be God’s son

Islam

worlds second largest, originated in the cities of Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century

Buddhism

the oldest universing religion, which arose from hearth in north eastern India between the mid-sixth and mid-fourth centuries B.C.E. based on teachings of Budha

Sikhism

newest universing religon, founded by Guru Nanak who lived from 1469-1539

Hinduism

dates from about 1500 B.C.E. in south asia where today it is practiced by some 80% of Indias population approximately 1 billion people

Judaism

according to the Hebrew bible, the jewish prophet abraham founded the monothestic religion which developed among the Hebrew people of southwest asia in present day isreal and lebanon 4,000 years ago

ethnic relgions

are closley tied with a practicular ethnic group generally in a particular region

secularized

not relgious