CVRS anatomy

what heart is this?

dog

pig

what heart is this

sheep heart

aorta

• where does it pump blood

• pressure

to rest of body- systemic circulation, 100mgHg

pulmonary artery

to the lungs, 12mmHg

pulmonary circulation

what enters the pulmonary vein

oxygenated blood

7mmHg

what enters the vena cava

deoxygenated blood

3mmHg

what are the coronary arteries

fibroblast

intercalated disks

top of ventricle

label the parts of the cardiac muscle

what type of cells make up purkinje fibres

• what do they form and where

• impulse conducting muscle cells

• they forms the atrioventricular bundle and its branches in the walls of the ventricles

what are these arrows pointed to

capillaries

brachiocephalic trunk

tunica intima

• endothelial lining

• sub endothelial connective tissue

• internal elastic membrane

tunica media

• circular smooth muscle layer

• elastic and collagen fibres

• external elastic membrane

tunica externa

• outer covering

• connective tissue sheath

what structures are present in the tunica adventitia

blood vessels- vaso vasorum

autonomic erves- nervi vasorum

arrangement of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of arteries

near tight circular helical arrangement

muscular arteries control blood flow to various organs

what is the function of elastin in veins

• provides elastic recoil to maintain vascular tone and allows the vessels to expand to store to the needs of the network as a whole

type of epithelium in capillary in loose connective tissue

simply squamous epothelium

active transport and movement of gases and metabolites

• fibroblasts

• apidocytes

state 3 differences between capillaries and sinusoids

1. Sinusoids usually larger and more varied shape than capillaries.

2. Sinusoids may be fenestrated, have gaps and pores in the endothelium.

3. They have a discontinuous basal lamina.

what structures connect individual endothelial cells

gap or tight junctions

how does the capillary network in the brain differ from that of other organs

tight junctions and pericytes in the brain contribute to the blood brain barrier

where are cardiac myocytes and capillary endothelium found

within the myocardium

where are fibroblasts found

within the epicardium

which structures make up the intercalated disks

Fascia adherens – Connects the cells and provides a link to the myocyte’s actin network

Desmosomes – Provides a strong mechanical connection between the cells

Gap junctions – Allows passage of ions, allowing transmission of the wave of depolarisation

what are the structures that allow cardiac muscle to act as a functional syncytium

• intercalated disks- gap junctions

• branched fibres- lateral junctions

• rich vasculature

where do the coronary arteries originate and where do the coronary veins drain

• aortic root

• coronary sinus which drains into the right atrium

what is meant by the line of pleural reflection

• the line where the pleura lining the inner surface of the ribs and intercostal muscle continues onto the surface of the diaphragm at the latters attachment to the body wall

• caudoventral to the line of pleural reflection the diaphragm is in direct contact with the intercostal tissues and the ribs and conseqeuntly the more thoracic wall is not in contact with the pleural cavity

• liver biopsy can be used to access the abdominal cavity without penetrating the pleural cavity

bronchus

bronchiole

terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole to alveolar duct

alveolar duct to alveolar sac

alveolus to capillary

capillary to venule

small vein

what anchors myosin heads to the z disk

titin

acts like a molecular spring

where is cap z found

on the z disk

heart beat

first degree av block

• prolonged PR intervals

• contraction delayed due to increased time for AVconduction

second degree AV block

• AV node fails to trasmit all atrial impulses

  • more P waves than QRS complexes

• atria beat more than once for each ventricular contraction

third degree AV block

• transmission of impulse from atria to ventricles fails

• atria and ventricles beat independently of each other

  • P and QRS complexes completely dissociated