Human Body Anatomy and Physiology Practice Flashcards

A set of 50 comprehensive flashcards based on lecture notes covering human anatomy, cellular biology, the integumentary and musculoskeletal systems, neurosensory functions, and medical imaging applications.

What are the three basic components of a cell?

Protoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

What is the function of the cristae in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

To increase surface area for energy conversion efficiency

In which specific type of cells is the Golgi Apparatus particularly abundant?

Secretory cells such as plasma cells and pancreatic acinar cells

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes optimized for which specific pH range?

$$pH 4.5-5.0$$

Approximately what percentage of cellular ATP production is consumed by active transport systems?

$$25\%$$

Identify the three phases of the glucose breakdown pathway.

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport

What happens to ${18}F$-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) after it enters a cell and undergoes phosphorylation?

It changes into FDG-6-phosphate and becomes trapped in the cell

What are the four primary types of tissue in the biological hierarchy?

Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nervous Tissue

Define the term 'avascular' as it applies to epithelial tissue.

It contains no blood vessels

Which level of biological organization is defined as a combination of different tissue types working together?

Level 3: Organs

What is the definition of homeostasis given in the notes?

The dynamic equilibrium maintained through integrated system responses

Describe the universal reference known as the 'anatomical position'.

The body is upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing anteriorly

Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

The transverse (axial) plane

What directional term means 'further from the point of attachment or origin'?

Distal

Which body cavity houses the brain and is formed by the skull bones?

Cranial Cavity

What physical event occurs when a positron encounters an electron in PET imaging?

Annihilation, resulting in the emission of two gamma rays

What is the energy of each of the two gamma rays produced during positron-electron annihilation?

$$0.511\,MeV$$

What is the half-life of the glucose analogue tracer ${18}FDG$?

$$110\,\text{minutes}$$

What does the Standardised Uptake Value (SUV) normalize in quantitative PET analysis?

Tracer concentration for patient weight and injected dose

Which layer of the skin constitutes approximately $90\%$ of its total thickness?

The dermis

What percentage of epidermal cells are composed of keratinocytes?

$$95\%$$

Name the five distinct layers of the epidermis found in thick skin from outermost to innermost.

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale

How long is the typical lifecycle of a keratinocyte?

$$28-30\,\text{days}$$

What specialized cells in the basal layer produce pigments to protect against ultraviolet radiation?

Melanocytes

Which dermal layer contains Meissner's corpuscles and provides nutrient exchange with the epidermis?

Papillary Dermis

What are the three phases of the hair growth cycle?

Anagen (active growth), Catagen (regression), and Telogen (resting)

What specific type of secretion involves the entire cell disintegrating to release sebum?

Holocrine Secretion

What is the cooling capacity provided by the evaporation of sweat?

$$580\,\text{kcal/L}$$

What is the specific wavelength range of UVB radiation used for Vitamin D synthesis?

$$280-320\,nm$$

What are the four chronological stages of wound healing?

Haemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodelling

Which type of bone tissue is filled with red marrow and found in the central parts of bones?

Cancellous (or trabecular) bone

Define the 'Metaphysis' of a long bone.

The transitional zone between the shaft and ends containing the growth plate

What is the function of an osteoclast?

To absorb or resorb bone tissue to release stored calcium

How many bones comprise the axial skeleton division?

$$80$$

What are the names of the first two cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2)?

Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

Which ribs are specifically classified as 'floating ribs'?

Ribs 11-12

What functional unit of skeletal muscle contains actin and myosin filaments?

Sarcomere

During muscle relaxation, what protein blocks the actin binding sites?

Tropomyosin

What is the primary radiopharmaceutical used for adsorption onto hydroxyapatite crystals in bone scans?

Technetium-99m diphosphonates

Which crevice separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

The longitudinal fissure

What role is the frontal lobe responsible for according to the notes?

Decision-making, problem solving, motor control, speech, and personality

In which bone is the 'sella turcica' (pituitary fossa) located?

The sphenoid bone

What are the three protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the CNS?

Dura mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia mater

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

$$-70\,mV$$

Which type of neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

What is the primary refractive surface of the human eye?

Cornea

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina and their functions?

Rods (low-light vision) and Cones (color and fine detail)

Identify the three ossicles located in the middle ear.

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

What does the acronym BOLD stand for in functional MRI?

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

Which EEG wave pattern is dominant during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed?

Alpha ($8-13\,Hz$)