Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 4

Exam 4 questions and answers

Which layer of the digestive tube is typically made up of mesothelium and a basement membrane?

tunica serosa

What type of epithelium is typical for the tunica mucosa?

simple columnar

What is the ANS nerve plexus controlling the tunica muscularis?

myenteric plexus

What is the term for the extension of the small intestine’s tunica serosa that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

mesentery

Which portion of the developing digestive tube will include the proctodeum?

hindgut

Which type of scale evolved into the vertebrate tooth?

placoid scales

Which type of dentition is defined as having multiple sets of teeth throughout a lifetime?

polyphyodontic

Which type of dentition is defined as the tooth being located in a socket in the jaw?

secodontic

Which organ of the digestive tube has a tunica adventitia in mammals?

esophagus

Which portion of the stomach in the typical vertebrate communicates with the esophagus?

cardia

Which organ of the digestive tube will have rugae?

stomach

What is the term for the stones that aid in digestion in certain vertebrates?

gastroliths

Which portion of the stomach in birds and crocodilians is secretory and responsible for chemical digestion?

proventriculus

What is the term for the folds of the apical cell membrane in intestinal epithelial cells that line the intestinal lumen?

microvili

Which segment of the amniote small intestine has Peyer’s patches?

iliuem

What is the term for spiraling folds in the intestinal mucosa and submucosal in chondrichthyes?

typhlosole

Which junction is the meeting point of the small intestine and stomach in amniotes?

pyloric

How many sheets of muscle make up the tunica muscularis of the stomach?

3

What is the digestive organ to have branchiomeric muscle in a portion of its tunica muscularis in mammals?

esophagus

What is the digestive organ to have the greater and lesser omentum?

stomach

What is the accessory digestive organ that produces digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones?

pancreas

What is the accessory digestive organ that receives a dual supply of blood and processes that nutrients brought in with digestion?

liver

What is the accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile?

gall bladder

What is the last colic segment in most mammals?

descending colon

What is the areolar connective tissue of the tunica mucosa of the digestive tract called?

lamina propria

What is a respiratory structure that is composed of: 2 demibranches of a single gill arch, the associated interbranchial septum, cartilages, vasculature, nerves, branchiomeric muscles, and associated connective tissues?

holobranch

What is the term for the demibranch on the posterior wall of a gill slit?

posttrematic demibranch

What is the term for the bony flap covering the gills in bony fishes?

operculum

What is the typical number of gill pairs in a shark?

5

Which portion of the pharynx includes the fauces?

oropharynx

Which cartilage of the mammalian larynx guard the opening into the trachea?

epiglottis

What are skeletal structures supporting the branchiostegal membrane in modern bony fishes?

brachiostegal rays

Which laryngeal cartilage is found in amphibians?

arytenoid cartilage

What is the name for the smooth muscle making up the posterior wall of the trachea?

trachealis

What is the term for the branching point where the trachea ends?

carina

Which respiratory organ has “c-shaped” cartilaginous rings to withstand negative pressure?

trachea

What is the term for a syrinx located on the trachea?

tracheal syrinx

Which respiratory passageways enter into each lung?

primary bronchi

What is the respiratory passageway that carries air through the lungs to the air sacs in birds?

mesobronchus

What is the term for the space between the serous membrane covering the lung and the serous membrane lining the cavity that houses the lung?

pleural space

What respiratory structures serve as the site of external respiration in mammals?

alveoli

What is the term for openings in avian bones where extensions of the air sacs can enter the bones?

pneumatic foramina

Which vertebrate class can use the pharyngoesophageal mucosa as the site of external respiration?

amphibia

What is the term for the connective tissue structure separating the lungs from the rest of the pleuroperitoneal cavity of crocodilians?

oblique septum

What are the main respiratory muscles of most reptiles?

external and internal intercostals

Which type of mammalian alveolar cells serve as the site of external respiration?

type 1

which type of air sacs are found in the avian neck?

cervical

Which group of reptiles have lungs that resemble those of birds?

crocodilians

What type of tissue distinguishes the true vocal cords?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following tetrapods does NOT use negative pressure for ventilation?

amphibia

What is the term for the acellular component of blood?

plasma

Which subclass of leukocyte has a spherical nucleus and matures outside of the red marrow?

agranulocytes

What type of leukocyte is the most abundant type in circulation?

neutrophils

What is the term for a tissue that can produce blood cells?

hemopoietic

Which formed element develops from megakaryoblasts?

thrombocytes

What is the term for the simple squamous epithelium forming the inner lining of all circulatory organs?

endothelium

What is the term for the innermost tunic of an arterial wall?

tunica intima

Which tunic is the thickest tunic of a large vein?

tunica adventitia

What is the class of blood vessels that serves as the site of exchange between the blood and the tissues of the body?

capillary

What is the class of blood vessel to carry blood to the heart?

vein

What is the term for very large veins having simplified walls?

Sinuses

Which type of arteries are medium sized and have proportionately the thickest walls?

muscular artery

Which type of capillaries are the most numerous and widely distributed type?

continuous

What is the term for the outermost tunic of the heart wall

epicardium

Which type of circuit hearts are found in (most) fishes?

single circuit

Which circuit of an amniote heart carries oxygenated blood from heart to the tissues of the body and then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart?

systemic circuit

Which structure sends deoxygenated blood from the heart to the gills in teleosts?

conus arteriosus

Which rounded muscular structure of the teleost conus arteriosus compensates for its shorter length vs. that of elasmobranches?

bulbous arteriosus

What is the term for ridges from the ventricular wall projecting into the ventricle that helps to segregate blood in most amphibians?

ventricular trabeculae

Which chamber of the mammalian heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?

left atrium

What is the term for the smooth muscle associated with the chordae tendinae in the amniote heart?

papillary muscle

What remains of the sinus venosus in the hearts of birds and mammals?

SA node

Which aortic arch pair became the pulmonary trunk of tetrapods?

Sixth

Which mammalian vein is homologous to the right posterior cardinal vein?

azygous

What is the term for a specialized capillary bed where the flow of exiting blood is controlled by postcapillary arteriole?

rete mirabilia

Which type of mesoderm will give rise to the kidneys?

intermediate mesoderm

What structure will receive the glomerular filtrate from an external glomerulus?

ciliated nephrostome

What are the specialized epithelial cells of the visceral layer of a glomerular capsule?

podocytes

Which portion of the renal tubule forms the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

proximal straight tubule

Which portion of the renal tubule performs the bulk of tubular excretion and tubular absorption?

proximal convoluted tubule

What are the first embryonic kidneys to form in hagfish?

holonephros

What are the adult kidneys in reptiles?

metanephros

What are the adult kidneys in anurans?

mesonephros

What is the term for the hypothetical ancestral kidney?

archinephros

What organ will carry urine from the bladder to the external environment in mammals?

urethra

Which type of nephron is unique to mammals and birds and does the bulk of water recovery?

juxtamedullary nephron

What reproductive structures of the testes develop from the primary sex cords?

seminiferous tubules

Which structure of the epididymis connects to the vas deferens?

ductus epididymis

Which class of vertebrate have the spermatic duct consisting of the ductus epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra?

mammalia

What structure servers to replace the mesonephric duct as the sperm carrying tube in some fish and amphibians?

marginal canal

What is the intromittent organ of elasmobranchs?

clasper

What is the term for the tissue mass of the placenta mammalian penis that is also found in monotremes?

corpus spongiosum

Which portion of the urethra pass through the prostate?

prostatic urethra

Which structures give rise to the female duct system in all vertebrates excepting ray finned fishes?

mullerian ducts

What is the term for the uterus of humans?

simplex uterus

What is the term for the finger-like folds at the entrance into the mammalian oviduct?

fimbriae

What is the first segment of the mammalian oviduct?

infundibulum

What is secreted by the nidamental gland?

shell material

What is the innermost tunic of the mammalian uterus?

endometrium

What is the permanent layer of the mammalian uterus?

stratum basalis