I-O Exam 4

Core tenets of positive psychology

Humans are agentic; psychology can be proactive; study conditions for optimal functioning; flourishing is more than absence of illness; many pathways to flourishing.

Types of well-being

Psychological well-being, subjective well-being, physical well-being.

Pillars of PERMA

: Positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment.

Tripartite Model of SWB

Life satisfaction, positive affect, low negative affect.

Milestone Myth

The belief that "I'll be happy when ___ happens," but major events only temporarily affect happiness.

Life satisfaction measurement

Satisfaction With Life Scale; Cantril's Ladder.

Affect measurement

PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule).

Virtues and character strengths

Virtues = moral qualities; character strengths = traits representing virtues with moral significance.

Self-Determination Theory

Three basic needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness.

Flow

A state of deep absorption when challenge matches skill; intense focus and loss of time awareness.

Grit

Passion + perseverance toward long-term goals.

Mindfulness

Intentional focus on the present moment; awareness of thoughts, feelings, sensations.

Age and happiness

Happiness is stable across life; some evidence of an inverted U-shape with lowest point in midlife.

Money and happiness

Money increases happiness up to a satiation point; debt decreases happiness; spending on experiences and others increases happiness.

Helping others and happiness

Volunteering linked to higher well-being; strongest effects for older adults, people who believe others are good, and people with depressive symptoms; prosocial spending increases happiness.

Virtuous cycle of happiness

Happiness → better health, relationships, productivity, altruism → more happiness.

Occupational Health Psychology

Field applying psychology to improve worker health, safety, and well-being.

Physical conditions impacting safety

Infectious disease, loud noise, repetitive actions, weather extremes, toxins, workplace violence.

Stress definition

Natural response to perceived threat; can be acute, chronic, or episodic; ranges from eustress to distress.

Individual differences predicting stress

Early career, female, low SES, low self-esteem, high neuroticism, fairness sensitivity, high expectations.

Effort-Reward Imbalance Model

Stress occurs when effort is high and rewards (pay, esteem, promotion) are low.

Demand-Control (Support) Model

Stress is highest when job demands are high and control is low; social support buffers.

Job Demand-Resource Model

Demands lead to burnout; resources lead to engagement; burnout and engagement are distinct but negatively related.

Person-Environment Fit Model

Stress increases when fit between person and environment is low; includes person-job, person-organization, person-group fit.

Emotional labor

Regulating emotions to meet organizational display rules; includes surface acting and deep acting.

Role ambiguity

Unclear job expectations.

Role overload

Too much to do.

Role conflict

Incompatible demands from different roles.

Work-life balance

Meeting needs in both work and life domains; linked to higher satisfaction and lower stress.

Leisure

Activities promoting relaxation or mastery; can be passive, social, or physical; most effective when intrinsically motivated.

Micro-break

Short voluntary breaks between tasks (seconds-minutes) that restore cognitive/emotional resources.

Challenge stressors

Stressors that can promote growth (e.g., workload, responsibilities).

Hindrance stressors

Stressors that block progress (e.g., red tape, politics, job insecurity).

Physical stressor example

Loud noise.

Task stressor example

Heavy workload.

Emotional stressor example

Emotional labor.

Economic stressor example

Job insecurity.

Interpersonal stressor example

Bullying or incivility.

Role stressor example

Role conflict.

Strain definition

Proximal outcome of stressors.

Types of strain

Affective (irritability), cognitive (memory issues), physical (fatigue), behavioral (accidents).

Burnout

Chronic job stress response: emotional exhaustion, cynicism, professional inefficacy.

Types of stress interventions

Preventative, therapeutic, sustain, buffer interventions.

Stress management programs

Reactive; restore depleted resources.

Wellness/health promotion programs

Proactive; enhance and promote health.