Biol 200 Old Exam Practice

What type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for the cell-mediated effects of the adaptive immune system?

CD8-positive T-cells

In the immunochromatographic assay used for at-home pregnancy tests, when does a positive result occur?

When antibodies bind to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine

What blood types can a person with blood type B safely receive?

Type B or type O

What is the order of physical size for the following items: nucleotide, typical protein, typical gene, proton, typical unicellular fungus, typical bacteriophage, typical bacterial cell?

Proton, nucleotide, typical protein, typical gene, typical bacteriophage, typical bacterial cell, typical unicellular fungus

What do the portions labeled 'b', '4', and '3' represent in the cell diagram?

Membrane-bound enzymes

What do oral thrush, histoplasmosis, tinea infections, and vaginal yeast infections have in common?

All are fungal diseases

What pH levels can different microbes survive and grow?

All answers shown

What is depicted in the figure below regarding cell structure?

Parts of a eukaryotic cell

What family of bacteria can penetrate the intestinal lining and cause bloody diarrhea?

Shigella

What can activated B-cells potentially differentiate into?

Memory B-cells

What is an example of horizontal gene transfer involving a bacteriophage?

Transduction

What occurs when sugars diffuse through plaque to embedded bacteria in dental caries?

Bacteria ferment sugars into acids, dissolving the enamel

Which structures have a double-membrane structure?

Nucleus and mitochondria

What toxins can prevent muscle relaxation and contraction?

C. tetani prevents relaxation; C. botulinum prevents contraction

What type of organism causes the tineas commonly known as ringworm?

Dermatophytes

How many of the following are species of bacteria: A. lumbricoides, P. falciparum, T. gondii, Y. pestis?

1 - Y. pestis (bubonic plague)

What is the result of transcribing and translating the DNA sequence 5'-TTAGGAGTCAGGCAT-3'?

A polypeptide (protein)

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign of a disease?

Symptom is felt by the affected person; sign is outwardly observable

What species is most likely responsible for a hospital patient's lung infection due to a contaminated ventilator?

P. aeruginosa

What type of immunity can be acquired after recovering from a viral infection like COVID-19?

Naturally-acquired active immunity

How many micrometers are in 0.01 meters?

10,000

What improves the ability to discern that two objects in close proximity are separate?

Increased resolution

What proteins are part of the innate immune system and can form a membrane attack complex?

Complement proteins

What parts are removed from a eukaryotic mRNA transcript during maturation?

Introns

Which eukaryotic cell structure most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?

Mitochondria

What eukaryotic parasite infects cats and can be transmitted by poor food preparation or cat feces?

Toxoplasma

What is the primary role of the component labeled 'F' in the cell diagram?

Motility

What is the purpose of the TORCH panel of tests?

To screen for diseases that may endanger a fetus or newborn

Which macromolecules are typically used by cells to store energy?

Carbohydrates

What antigen is expressed from mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2?

A portion of the Covid-19 spike protein

Which antibiotic drugs might target protein biosynthesis?

Lincosamides

Which virus has oncogenic strains that can cause cancer?

Hepatitis (Liver Cancer)

What bacterial species is responsible for septicemic plague?

Yersinia pestis

What do B-cells need to become fully activated plasma cells?

Both to encounter an antigen and to receive chemical signals from a T-helper cell.

Which species is a curved rod-shaped cell that produces a characteristic exotoxin resulting in 'rice water stool'?

V. cholerae

What do prions, viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes all possess?

Proteins

What is the symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and fungi called?

Lichen

What might selectively toxic antiviral drugs target?

Virion attachment or assembly

What does the decimal reduction time (D) represent?

The time required for a treatment to kill 90% of the population.

For which disease are vaccines not available?

Bubonic plague

Which type of organisms would likely grow best in a refrigerator?

Psychrophiles

What is a zoonotic virus that affects nerve cells and is 100% fatal once symptoms arise?

Rabies

What type of microscopy uses an electron beam to obtain detailed cross-sectional images of bacterial cells?

Transmission electron microscopy

Which is NOT a way antibodies function in the adaptive immune response?

By direct lysis of pathogens

If you start with three bacterial cells that divide every 20 minutes, how many cells would you expect after 100 minutes?

96 = 3 x 2^5

Which element is NOT found in nucleotides?

Potassium

Which gram-negative bacteria can infect multiple parts of the body and often displays antibiotic resistance?

P. aeruginosa

How do phagocytes kill harmful bacteria?

By performing endocytosis

What is the term for the removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life?

Sterilization

What is the product of transcribing the DNA sequence 5'-TAACCCGTAGC-3'?

5'-GCUACGGGUUA-3'

What are bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins composed of?

Exotoxins are proteins; Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides.

What type of hypersensitivity is caused by a mismatched blood-type transfusion?

Type II

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 during cellular metabolism?

They are electron carriers.

In bacterial cells, where are the electron transport chain enzymes located?

Part D of the figure shown.

Which organisms would you expect to be the most pathogenic?

Species with a low ID50.

What do endotoxins released upon the death of bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella cause?

Endotoxins.

Which cells do NOT arise from hematopoietic stem cells?

Myocardial cells.

Vaccines are available for which strains?

All of the answers shown.

Which condition can NOT be treated with anti-bacterial drugs?

Staphylococcal food poisoning.

What is the helical-shaped bacteria that tolerates acidic environments and is responsible for most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Which gram-positive, spore-forming bacilli can cause diarrhea or pseudo-membranous colitis?

C. difficile

What are mRNA vaccines composed of?

Single-stranded RNA inside lipids.

What is FALSE regarding the evolution of drug-resistant microbes?

Lab experiments have shown that the evolution of drug-resistant microbes requires multiple years.

Which organism is NOT typically transmitted from an animal to a human?

Clostridium difficile.

What type of mutation is classified when a polypeptide changes from N-SerProValAla-C to N-SerProAlaVal-C?

Missense mutation.

What is the product of reverse transcription of the sequence 5'-ACGGGUCCACUGCA-3'?

5'-TGCAGTGGACCCGT-3'.

What does the diagram based on genetic similarities depict?

How different species are related to each other.

What is transplantation of tissues between different animal species called?

Xenograft.

What type of chromosomes are usually circular loops of double-stranded DNA?

Bacterial chromosomes.

What is the role of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?

Part A on the diagram shown.

What causes HIV to have a high mutation rate?

The imprecise operation of its reverse transcriptase.