Anatomy Lecture 1

What is anatomy?

Description of what something is and how it is arranged in 3D space

What are the two scales of anatomy?

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

What are the two orginanizational approaches to anatomy?

Regional and systemic

Define anatomical position

Standing upright, head and eyes forward, limbs straight, hands slightly apart from thighs with palms anterior (arms supine), feet below hops with toes anteriorly

What directional terms describe front and back?

Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal)

What directional terms describe above and below?

Superior/Inferior (Cranial/Caudal)

What directional terms describe toward and away from the midline

Medial/Lateral

What directional terms describe closer and farther from the trunk (torso)?

Proximal/Distal

What directional terms describe the same side and opposite sides?

Ipsilateral/Contralateral

What directional terms describe closer to and farther from the surface?

Superficial/Deep

Why is medial considered a relative term?

Because a structure is only medial relative to another structure

Example: The nose is medial to the eyes, the eyes are lateral to the nose

Median is

Definitive/actual middle

What does the sagittal plane separate?

The subject’s left and right sides

What is a parasagittal plane?

A sagittal plane that separates the body into unequal left and right proportions

Example: a vertical line passing through the shoulder

What is a median (midsagittal) plane?

A sagittal plane that passes exactly through the midline and divides the body into equal left and right halves

What does the frontal (coronal) plane separate

Anterior and posterior portions

What does the transverse (axial) plane separate?

Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom)

What is compact bone?

The dense outer layer

What is spongy bone?

Internal porous bone tissue

What is the medullary cavity?

Central cavity of a long bone

What is another name for the shaft of the bone?

Body

What four structures are associated with bone growth?

Epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, diaphysis, metaphysis

What structures are found in a synovial joint?

Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and hyaline cartilage

What is a fibrous joint?

A category of joint that includes sutures and syndesmoses

What is a suture?

A largely immobile fibrous joint with closely approximated bones

Example: skull sutures

What is a syndesmosis?

A mobile fibrous joint with distantly approximated bones?

What is a synchrondrosis?

A generally immobile fusion of cartilage and bone

Example: rib connection point

What does unipennate mean?

A muscle with fibers arranged on one side

What does bipennate mean?

A muscle with fibers arranged on both sides

List the muscle shapes from lecture

Unipennate, bipennate, convergent, fusiform, circular, thin, parallel, multipennate, digastric

What is an axis of rotation?

An imaginary straight line around which a body segment or joint rotates

Give two examples of an axis of rotation

Globe and elbow

If moving something anteriorly, the movement is usually what?

Flexion

If lengthening occurs, the motion is usually what?

Extension

Extension is movement toward what directoin?

Posterior

Flexion is movement toward what direction?

Anterior

What does abduction mean?

To take away

What does adduction mean?

To add

What forearm motions were covered?

Supination (up) and pronation (down)

Supination and pronation occur at what body region?

Forearm only

What is a concentric contraction?

Muscle force>gravity

Ex: Lifting weights

What is an isometric contraction?

Muscle force=gravitational force

Ex: Equilibrium

What is an eccentric contraction?

Muscle force<gravitational force

Ex: Struggling to lift something

What structures make up the Central Nervous System?

Brain and spinal cord

What structures make up the Peripheral Nervous System?

Everything else

Efferent fibers travel in what direction?

Away from the CNS

Efferent fibers are also known as what?

Motor fibers (carries commands from CNS to body)

Ex: Telling muscles to contract

Afferent fibers travel in what direction?

Toward the CNS

Afferent fibers are also known as what?

Sensory fibers (brings information from body to CNS)

Ex: Touch, temperature, pain, propioreception

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many fused sacral vertebrae are there?

5

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

4

How many total vertebrae are there?

33

Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord from which side?

Posterior

Motor fibers leave the spinal cord from which side?

Anterior

What are the three parts of the sternum?

Manubrium, body, xiphoid

Which part of the sternum is superior?

Manubrium

Which part of the sternum is in the middle?

Body

Which part of the sternum is inferior?

Xiphoid

Name two thoracic surface landmarks (Blue and orange)

Blue: Jugular notch

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12 pairs

How do Ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum?

Via their own cartilage

How do Ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum?

Via shared cartilage

How do ribs 11-12 attach to the sternum?

They are free at their distal extent (floating) and are false ribs

What is the superior thoracic aperture also called?

Thoracic inlet

What is the inferior thoracic aperture also called?

Thoracic outlet

What separates the thorax from the abdomen?

Diaphragm

What landmark defines the top of the thorax?

Clavicle

Name the surface lines covered in lecture

Midclavicular, anterior median//midsternal, anterior axillary, posterior axillary

Which intercostal muscles assist inhalation?

External intercostal

Which intercostal muscles assist in exhalation?

Internal intercostal

The fibers of the internal intercostal muscles run how relative to the external intercostal muscles?

Perpendicular

What happens during contraction of the intercostal muscles?

Space gets bigger and muscle gets shorter

What is another name for the superficial fascia?

Hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue

Where is the superficial fascial ocated?

Lowermost layer of skin below the dermis

What is deep fascia?

Dense connective tissue (“silver skin”)

What is the epiphysis?

The end region of a growing bone

What is the diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone

What is the metaphysis?

Region between epiphysis and diaphysis

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Growth plate of a long bone

What structure forms from the large anterior weight-bearing portion of a vertebra?

Vertebral body

What structure connects the vertebral body to the posterior elements?

Pedicle

What structure forms the posterior arch between the pedicles and spinous process?

Lamina

Which vertebral process projects posteriorly?

Spinous process

Which vertebral processes project laterally?

Transverse processes

What structure articulates with the rib head on a thoracic vertebrae?

Costal facet (Superior and Inferior)

What structure articulates with the rib tubercle?

Transverse costal facet

What process forms part of the zygapophyseal joint?

Superior articular process

What notch contributes to formation of the intervertebral foramen?

Superior vertebral notch

What notch contributes to formation of the intervertebral foramen from below?

Inferior vertebral notch

Through what opening do spinal nerves exit?

Intervertebral foramen

For thoracic vertebrae, what determines rib number?

The rib attached to the vertebra’s superior costal facet

If a rib articulates with the superior costal facet of T10, what rib is it?

Rib 10

What palpable depression lies superior to the manubrium?

Jugular notch

What landmark is also called the sternal angle?

Angle of Louis

What structure forms the superior boundary of the anterior thorax?

Clavicle

What structure forms the central anterior thoracic landmark?

Sternum

What structure forms the inferior border of the thoracic cage?

Costal margin