Nervous system, Skeletal Muscles, Endocrine System

Neurons and ANS, Cross bridge cycle, Hormones

Reasons for RMP

-More leaky K+ channels than Na+

Nak pump is +3 K out for every +2 Na in

Neurons are ____ and they _____

electrical cells and create electrical messages by letting ions flow across the membrane

Hyperpolarizing is further or closer to threshold?

Further, negative

Depolarization is further or closer to threshold? It is more postive or negative?

Closer, positive

Graded Potentials are located

At the dendrites

What kind of channels are there at the dendrites?

ligand gated or metabotropic channels

Cl- coming in through a ligand-gated channel causes

hyperpolarization, IPSP

Na+ leak channels close is IPSP, EPSP, Hyperpolarization or Depolarization? List all

IPSP, hyperpolarization

Ca++ channels open is an example of IPSP, EPSP, Hyperpolarization, or depolarization? List all.

EPSP, Depolarization

What are the differences between ligand-gated channels and metabotropic receptors

Ligand-gated channels are fast and open for ions, metabotropic receptors are slower and can open or close channels or affect other aspects from the cytoplasmic side

Arrange the following events according to the activities in a neuron that occur after threshold has been reached at the axon hillock, also known as the “trigger zone”.

A. neurotransmitter binds to the receptor                

B. excitement or inhibition of postsynaptic cell       

C. voltage-gated K+ channels open                          

D. voltage-gated Ca++ channels open                       

E. voltage-gated Na+ channels open                        

F. ligand-gated ion channels open or close               

G. neurotransmitter is released into the synapse       

H. exocytosis                                                            

I. “nodes” along the axon each fire action potential 

E, C, I, D, H, G, A, F, B

If the proper voltage is reached, what happens? What is the “proper Voltage”?

Voltage-gated channels open and an action potential is “fired”. -55mV or above (negative scale think backwards)

Which voltage-gated channel opens first in an action potential? What is the second?

Na+ then K+

What causes exocytosis at the axon terminal?

Voltage-gated Ca++ Channels open

What adrenergic receptor is located only on the heart?

B1

What adrenergic receptors would you use to constrict or contract smooth muscle?

Alpha

What adrenergic receptor would you use to dilate or relax smooth muscle?

B2

An agonist

has the same response as the ligand

An antagonist

blocks the receptor, causing no response from the receptor

The adrenergic receptor on the heart would be

Beta 1 adrenergic receptor

What receptor causes the lungs to dilate?

Beta 2 adrenergic receptor

Blood vessels ____ skeletal muscles due to the _____ receptor

Dilate, B2 adr. receptor

Blood vessels ____ the skin & GI tract due to the _____ receptor

constrict, alpha adr. receptor

The postganglionic neuron in the SNS releases the chemical

Epi/norepi

the postganglionic neuron in the PSNS releases the chemical

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Antagonists to the muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the GI tract will make the smooth muscles located there:

Decrease in activity

Rest and Digest receptor is

mCR

The endocrine cell can store the hormone inside a vesicle until it's time to release it. What type of hormones are these?

Protein Hormone

What type of hormone causes new proteins to be made in the target cell

Steroid Hormones

The target cell that stores glut carriers in vesicles in response to insulin release is

Skeletal or Adipose Muscle

How is a signal transduction pathway different than a typical steroid hormone pathway in the first step of the pathways? 

A signal transduction pathway starts when a polar first messenger binds to a membrane receptor because it cannot enter the cell. In contrast, steroid hormones are nonpolar, so they cross cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors directly, meaning no STP is needed.