Unit 2 Biology Study Guide Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cell structure, transport mechanisms, and metabolic processes based on the Unit 2 Study Guide.

Robert Hooke

The person who first used the term cell to describe a unit of life.

Plasma membrane characteristic

• It separates the cell contents from the environment

• It is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

• It is permeable to certain substances

• All of the above

Prokaryotic cells

Have no nucleus

Diffusing molecules move ________, until they are ________.

• Down their concentration gradients; evenly distributed

In order for substances to move passively through the cell membrane, there must be a/an

• Concentration gradient (a difference in concentrations)

Interdependent (AKA “coupled”) reactions are

• Reactions in which endergonic reactions obtain the energy to go forward from exergonic reactions

Components of an animal cell

• cytoskeleton

• nucleus

• organelles

• cytoplasm

The outer living limit of the cell is

• The plasma membrane

Each ADP molecule contains ______ phosphates, and each ATP molecule contains ______ phosphates.

ADP - 2 Phosphates

ATP - 3 Phosphates

Plant cells contain

• a thick cell wall

• chloroplasts

• a central vacuole

Plasma membrane functions

• keeping waste out of the cell

• controlling the passage of substances into and out of the cell

• concentrating nutrients inside the cell

• communication with other cells

Active Transport

• Requires ATP

• moves substances against the concentration gradient

• can be compared to something “swimming up river”

Diffusion is the process by which a substance

• goes down the concentration gradient

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from

water

How many ATP does a cell gain from one glucose molecule if no oxygen is available and only glycolysis occurs (cell carries out fermentation)

2 ATP

What products do humans produce during respiration that are only used by plants

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

During the fermentation of 1 molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is

2 molecules

true of humans…

• can’t create their own sugars using photosynthesis

• can’t create their own sugars using fermentation

• can’t create their own sugars using respiration

Energy release during _______ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions and this is called ________ reactions

exergonic, endergonic, coupled

Cell membrane functions

• may play a role in the recognition of foreign cells by the immune system

• may be receptor proteins for hormones

• may be attached to the cytoskeleton for structural support

Osmosis

A type of passive diffusion where water moves down its concentration gradient through a semipermeable membrane.

Mitochondrion

The organelle responsible for aerobic respiration; it is the site of oxidative phosphorylation and is altered in energy-depleting disorders.

Active site

The specific location on an enzyme where substrates bind for chemical transformations.

Visible light spectrum

The part of the light spectrum where plant leaves scatter the green portion, causing them to appear green.

Aerobic respiration

A metabolic process that produces carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$) as products and provides a net of $36$ $ATP$ per glucose molecule.

Isotonic

A solution that has a solute concentration balanced with the cell, such as the type of fluids required for hospital $IV$ administration.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down materials within the cell.