CHEM EOY 2026
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81 Terms
Chemical reaction
Process where substances react to form new substances.
Signs of a chemical reaction
colour change
gas produced
temperature change
precipitate formed
light or smell change
Element
a substance made of only one type of atom
Copper
a metal used in electrical wiring because it is a good conductor of electricity
Aluminium
a lightweight metal used in aircraft and packaging because it resists corrosion
Argon
a noble gas used in light bulbs because it is unreactive
Oxygen
a gas used for respiration and supports combustion
Periodic table
a table that arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number and similar properties
Metal
elements that are usually shiny good conductors malleable and ductile
Non metal
Elements that are usually:
dull,
poor conductors
& brittle if solid.
Compound
a substance made from two or more elements chemically bonded together
Mixture
two or more substances not chemically bonded together
Iron and sulfur reaction
Iron and sulfur form iron sulfide.
This is a compound with different properties from the parent elements.
Pure
a substance made of only one element or compound
Melting point
the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
Boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
Filtration
a method used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
Crystallisation
a method used to obtain solid crystals from a solution
Simple distillation
a method used to separate a solvent from a solution
Fractional distillation
a method used to separate liquids with different boiling points
Chromatography
A physical technique used to separate mixtures of soluble substances—such as inks, dyes, or plant pigments—into their individual components. It works by distributing substances between a stationary phase (paper) and a mobile phase (solvent), separating them based on how they travel at different speeds.
Rf value
distance moved by substance divided by distance moved by solvent
Hydrogen
Flammable gas that forms water when burned.
Test for hydrogen
a lit splint makes a squeaky pop
Carbon dioxide
a gas produced in respiration and combustion
Test for carbon dioxide
limewater turns milky
Oxygen
a gas that supports burning and is needed for respiration
Test for oxygen
a glowing splint relights
Copper carbonate
a green solid that decomposes when heated
Decomposition
a reaction where a compound breaks down into simpler substances
Crude oil
a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from ancient biological material
Fractional distillation of crude oil
Process of separating crude oil into fractions based on boiling points.
Alkane
a hydrocarbon with single bonds only
Alkene
a hydrocarbon with at least one double bond
Composition of Air
mainly:
Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Argon (1%)
Carbon dioxide (004%)
& small amounts of noble gases.
Oxidation
a reaction where a substance gains oxygen
Reduction
a reaction where a substance loses oxygen
Rusting
the corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen and water
.
.
Galvanising
coating iron with zinc to prevent rusting
Amphoteric
a substance that reacts as both an acid and a base
Combustion
a reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen releasing energy
Carbon monoxide
a toxic gas formed from incomplete combustion
Sulfur dioxide
a gas formed when sulfur burns in oxygen causing acid rain
Oxides of nitrogen
gases formed in high temperature combustion in engines causing pollution
Chemical Formula for Rust
Hydrated Iron Oxide
Metals vs Non-metals
Metals are usually shiny strong malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals are usually dull brittle and poor conductors.
Acidic vs Basic Reactions in Water
Metal oxides usually form alkaline solutions in water while non-metals oxides usually form acidic solutions in water.
Arrangement of the Periodic Table
It is arranged by increasing atomic number with elements in the same group having similar properties and the same number of outer shell electrons.
Chemical Changes
Forms new substances and is usually difficult to reverse. Examples include burning rusting and reactions between chemicals.
Physical Changes
It does not form a new substance and is usually reversible. Examples include melting, boiling and dissolving.
Graphs Five Marking Points
Good graphs should include a:
title
labelled
axes
units
equal scale
& accurate plotting.
Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
Because they have free (delocalised) electrons that can move through the metal and carry charge.
Word equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide→water+oxygen
Oxidation vs Reduction
OILRIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)
Atomic Number
Number of protons, Identifies the element
Mass number
Protons + neutrons, Total particles in nucleus
Properties of Acids:
pH less than 7,
turn universal indicator red,
often react with metals and carbonates.
Properties of Alkalis
pH greater than 7,
turn red litmus blue.
Malleable
A metal that can be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without cracking or breaking. This ability to deform permanently under compressive stress is a physical property.
Ductile
A property that describes the ability of a material to stretch thin when tensile stress is applied.