Bio exam 4 Chap 3 and 6

amino acid

consists of a central carbon atom bonded to 4 covalent partners

cellulose

most abundant organic compound, forms cable like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells, cant be broken by any enzyme produced by animals

dehydration reaction

links 2 monomers together and removes a molecule of water

gene

unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

glycogen

used by animal cells to store energy and is broken down to release glucose when you need energy

hydrolysis -

The breakdown of polymers, adds water to them a process that is essentially the reverse of a dehydration reaction

hydrophilic

water loving, molecules that dissolve readily in water

hydrophobic

cant be mixed with water

isomers

Glucose and fructose, molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

Lipids

unable to mix with water, diverse group of molecules made from different molecular building blocks

monomers

Smaller molecules

monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller groups

nucleic acids

macromolecules that store info and provide the instructions for building proteins

nucleotides

Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers, has 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base

organic compounds

carbon based molecules, carbon forms large, complex and diverse molecules necessary for life's function

Peptide Bond

The covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction between two amino acids.

polymers

macromolecules, large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules

polypeptide

creating long chains of amino acids

saturated fatty acid

Max number of hydrogens

triglyceride

consists of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid molecules via dehydration reaction

unsaturated fatty acid

carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has fewer than the max number of hydrogens at the double bond

monosaccharide + monosaccharide → ______ + water

disaccharide

What can you conclude about the following reaction?

galactose + glucose → lactose + water

Lactose is a disaccharide and glucose is a monosaccharide.

Table sugar is

sucrose, a disaccharide

Which molecule is an example of a polysaccharide?

Starch

Plants use which molecule as an energy-storing carbohydrate?

Starch

Cellulose is an example of a ________.

polysaccharide

polysaccharide

hydrogen bonding between base pairs is responsible for formation of a double helix

Saturated" fats __________.

contain only single bonds in their fatty acid tails

Glucose plus fructose forms a disaccharide called __________.

Sucrose

A fat that is completely hydrogenated would be ________.

saturated and solid at room temperature

Saturated fats are saturated with ______.

Hydrogen

A fat contains which molecular components?

three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

Glucose

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.    

10

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation        

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

acetyl CoA        

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?    

2

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.  

substrate-level phosphorylation        

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?    

FADH₂

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.    

2

Most of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs __________.

from activity of the ATP synthase machine

What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid?

fermentation