KHP 420g Respiration Parts 1 and 2

what are the 2 divisions of respiration

pulmonary

cellular

what is ventilation (breathing) and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

pulmonary respiration

what is oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production by the tissues

cellular respiration

what are 2 purposes of respiratory system during exercise

regulation of acid base balance

gas exchange between environment and the body

what are the 7 structures of the respiratory system

nose

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

lungs

alveoli

what is the major muscle of inspiration

diaphragm

what makes up the outer surface of the lungs

visceral pleura

what lines the thoracic wall

parietal pleura

what prevents the collapse of the alveoli and makes sure that the intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure

intrapleural space

what is the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs

ventilation

what is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

diffusion

what are the 3 means of gas exchange between the external enviornment and the body

replacing oxygen

removing carbon dioxide

regulation of acid base balance

what is an active process? passive process?

inhalation

exhalation

what conducts air to the respiratory zone and humidifies, warms, and filters air

conducting zone

what are the parts of the conducting zone

trachea

bronchial tree

bronchioles

what exchanges gas between the air and the blood

respiratory zone

what are the components of the respiratory zone

alveolar sacs

respiratory bronchioles

what is secreted by type 2 alveolar cells to prevent alveolar collapse

surfactant

what 2 things enhance the rate of diffusion

large surface area

blood gas barrier being 2 cells thick

how do respiratory muscles adapt to training

reduced work of breathing

increased oxidative capacity

when do respiratory muscles begin to fatigue during exercise

prolonged high intensity exercise

what is dependent on the pressure difference between 2 ends of the airway as well as the resistance of the airway

airflow

what is the equation for airflow

airflow = change in pressure / resistance

what 2 things can increase resistance to airflow

copd

asthma

what is the amount of air moved per breath while sitting quietly

tidal volume

what is the number of breaths per minute

breathing rate

what is the equation for pulmonary ventilation

v = vt x f

what is the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone

alveolar ventilation

what is the volume of air remaining in conducting airways

dead space ventilation

what equation demonstrates the relationship between dead space ventilation and alveolar ventilation

v = va + vd

ventilation at rest in the lungs

bottom > apex

ventilation during exercise in the lungs

apex > bottom

what is the amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximal effort

inspiratory reserve volume

what is the amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort

expiratory reserve volume

what is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration that can never be voluntarily exhaled

residual volume

what is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a maximal inspiration

vital capacity

what is the equation for vital capcity

vc = (erv + vt + irv)

what is the maximal amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal expiration

inspiratory capacity

what is the equation for inspiratory capacity

ic = (vt + irv)

what is the amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration

functional residual capacity

what is the equation for functional residual capavity

frc = (vt + erv)

what is the maximal amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration

total lung capacity

what is the equation for total lung capacity

tlc = (rv + vc)

what is the measurement of pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow useful for diagnosing lung diseases such as COPD

spirometry

what are 3 spirometric tests

vital capacity

forced expiratory volume

fev1/vc ratio

what is the volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration

forced expiratory volume

what is a normal FEV1/VC ratio

greater than or equal to 80