FBLM revision

Microfilament

• smallest

• made of actin

• cell shape, motility, cleavage furrow

Intermediate filament

• middle size

• made of keratin

• cell shape, organelle anchoring

Microtubules

• largest

• made of tubulin

• chromosome movement (spindles), organelle movement, makes up cilia/flagella

Purines

• A and G

• 2 rings

Pyrimidines

• C, T, U

• 1 ring

Starch

• alpha glucose: 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic links, branching at 6

• energy storage in plants

Glycogen

• alpha glucose: 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic links, branching at 6

• energy storage in animals

Cellulose

• beta glucose: 1,4 glycosidic links, linear

• chemically stable

• structural: in plant cell walls

Why did oxygen help life evolve on land?

• O₂ + O^* → O₃ (ozone), which protects from UV

• O₂ enables aerobic respiration, = more energy

Plantae

• autotroph

• cellulose wall

• multicellular

Animalia

• heterotroph

• no cell wall

• multicellular

Fungi

• heterotroph

• chitin wall

• uni or multi

Protista

• auto or hetero

• a cell wall

• unicellular

Ionic electronegativity difference

>1.9

Polar covalent electronegativity difference

0.4-1.9

Nonpolar covalent electronegativity difference

<0.4

Saturated fatty acid LDF strength

High: single bonds = flexible chains = packs well

Unsaturated fatty acid LDF strength

Low: double bond = bent side chain = doesn’t pack well

Surfactant

Can interact with both polar and non-polar substances

Steroid structure

Fused hydrocarbon rings

Lipid functions

• structural: cell membrane

• energy storage: seed oils

• transport: lipoproteins

• insulation: blubber

Protein functions

• catalysis: enzymes

• immune: antibodies

• structural: keratin, collagen

• signalling: glycoproteins

• transport: lipoproteins

Primary active transport

ATP directly used to transport ions, setting up gradient

Secondary active transport

Energy from ions moving (passively) across membrane used to transport something else

Evidence for secondary endosymbiosis

• triple membrane

• extra eukaryotic DNA in genome

• vestigial nucleus in chloroplast

5’ to 3’ strand in DNA synthesis

Leading strand

3’ to 5’ strand in DNA synthesis

Lagging strand

Template/antisense strand direction

3’ to 5’

Coding/sense strand direction

5’ to 3’

mRNA direction

5’ tp 3’

Phase B - prokaryotic cell cycle

Growth

Phase C - prokaryotic cell cycle

Chromosome replication

Phase D - prokaryotic cell cycle

Chromosome segregation and cytokinesis

Phase G1 and G2 - eukaryotic cell cycle

Growth, metabolism, organelle replication

Phase S - eukaryotic cell cycle

DNA synthesis/copying

Phase M - eukaryotic cell cycle

Mitosis

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy is never created nor destroyed, only transferred or transformed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Entropy always increases

• every reaction loses energy to the environment

• Gibb’s free energy always decreases

Why are enzymes affected by pH?

Charged R groups are affected by H+ ions

What enzyme catalyses step 3 of glycolysis?

Phosphosfructokinase (PFK)

PFK inhibitors

ATP, citrate

PFK stimulators

ADP, AMP

Protein metabolism

Amino acids converted to pyruvate/acetyl CoA

Lipid metabolism

• glycerol + monosaccharides → pyruvate

• fatty acids → acetyl CoA

Amino acid metabolism

Used in glyconeogenesis

SSLP

Short sequence length polymorphism

Incomplete dominance

• new intermediate phenotype

• red + white = pink

Codominance

• both phenotypes expressed

• white + black = black and white spotted

Prophase

Chromosomes condense (and synapse with homologues - MeI) then nuclear membrane dissolves

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate (opposite homologues - MeI)

Anaphase

Sister chromatids (Mi/MeII) or homologous chromosomes (MeI) separate to opoosite ends of cell

Telophase

Nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense)

Animal cell cytokinesis

Actin ring forms cleavage furrow, pinches off

Plant cell cytokinesis

Golgi sacs form cell plate, cellulose collects to form cell wall