Language and Cognition

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to language, cognition, and the underlying mechanisms of communication.

Phonemes

The smallest sound unit in a language.

Morphemes

The smallest unit of meaning in a language, including words and modifiers.

Lexicon

A list of words and acceptable structures within a language.

Syntax

The structural rules governing the proper order of words in a sentence.

Semantics

The literal meaning of words and phrases in a language.

Pragmatics

The social context and style of communication, including audience design and usage.

Language Deprivation

A lack of exposure to language, potentially leading to impaired language development.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

An innate biological mechanism proposed by Noam Chomsky that contains general grammatical rules.

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages, which may enhance cognitive flexibility and functioning.

Generativity

The ability of children to create novel word patterns not previously heard.

Broca’s Area

A region in the frontal lobe associated with speech production.

Wernicke’s Area

A region in the temporal lobe associated with language comprehension.

Cognitive Dissonance

A state of tension arising from conflicting beliefs and actions.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that simplify decision making and problem solving.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to focus on information that confirms one’s existing beliefs.

Thin Slicing

Making quick judgments based on limited information.

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to perceive an object only in terms of its most common use.

Pragmatic Rules

Guidelines for how to take turns, stay on topic, and control verbal pace in conversation.

Affective Bias

The influence of emotions on decisions and evaluations.