Art History Final Flashcards (Centro Spring 2026)

Il Gesu Facade - 1568-1575

Creator: Giacomo della Porta (Patron: Cardinal Alessandro Farnese) (same guy as palace at caprarola)

Vignola does NOT get the commission for the facade

Style: baroque (counter reformation)

Extra: Mother church of the Jesuit order, vignola dies in 1573 before the facade is completed, one of the earliest examples of a counter reformation church

Barrel vaults

Very wide single nave, dark side chapels

Lots of people can participate in mass, the jesuits can tell ppl what it means to be catholic

Pulpit - where person giving sermon would be

Both clergy and laypeople would participate in mass

Carefully designed to unify the faithful and priest

Farnese funded the church

This church establishes counter reformation type

Lots of color and luxury → didn't used to be this way (before = white walls)

Most influential facade built in rome in 16th cent

Farnesi name on outside right over IHS symbol

Palazzo Farnese Caprarola Facade- 1559

Creator: Architect Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola

Location: Caprarola

Extra:

Front entrance area was for entertainment, jousts, & processions

Members of court watch shows here

Exterior & facade: meant to look like it had more stories than it really does, lower story has alternating circle and triangle pediments (pantheon)

Ramp is mannerist

Ground floor exterior: stucco on brick, like a fortress

fleur de lis - farnese family symbol

Sundial and clock: that this is a superior building that tells time → controlling time

Idea that cardinal had power of life and death over people and power of time is controlled by the men in power

Second floor: most important floor in the household - exterior is ionic pilasters (reference to classical style)

Banqueting room was painted by vingola

Room w seasons depicted - mannerism → intended for highly educated people

Style/period: Mannerism

Sala d'Ercole - Dining Room & Fontana della Boccacce (LP)

Time: 1559

Creator: Federico Zucchari (painter)

Location: Palazzo Farnese

Extra:

Towns under control of the family shown

Perspective → complex, gorgeous

Main public gathering room on lower floor

fountain in back acted as natural air conditioning for spring/summer dining room

Hercules founded Caparola, frescoes show Hercules specifically in Caparola, connects ppl in banqueting room to this history, increases power of Farnese family

frescoes show all the towns that the Farnese own - power of Farnese family

style/period: mannerism (?)

Fontana della Boccacce - 1572

At the palazzo farnese caprarola

architect is Macaroni

reference to villa d'este @ tivoli, same architect

grotesque style, natural grotto stones, man-made nymphaeum

Triumph of the Name of Jesus, 1676-1679

Giovanni Battista Gaulli (Baciccio)

Il Gesu

Style: baroque

Dedicated to jesus

Monogram framed by angels and people

Fallen damned at bottom

Name of jesus in greek is abbreviated - sacred

Belief that names had spiritual power

Most spectacular illusionistic scene in Baroque art

Response to jesus entering human history

Symbolic and was meant to be interpreted by the individual - not a historical scene

Angels shows as closest to the light of jesus

north group: 3 magii from nativity, closest humans to jesus (first ppl to interact w baby jesus), extending towards jesus, shepherds from nativity story

Emperors: tiberius holding jesus' face on cloth, Augustus too

South groups: priests, cardinal farnese (patron of this church), pope

East group: all women, queen of shiba (old testament), eclesia (personification of church), st helena, catherine of siena, etc.

Damned group: fallen

Casa Professa

Time: 1681-1686 (17th cent)

Creator: Andrea Pozzo

Location: St. Ignatius Apartments, next to the Il Gesu (literally next door to the Gesu)

Extra: Celebration of Ignatius & Jesus and the deficiation of Ignatius. Back wall has a 45° angle, crazy perspective paintings that only look normal standing in the middle of the room (center of room = god's point of view. this is the right view, must return to god's view for things to make sense)

Apartment building used/lived in by Ignatius

Master illusionism, geometrically complicated

Chiesa Nuova Facade

Time: 1575-1606

Creator: Fausto Rughesi (did the facade)

Architect = Matteo Bartollini (???)

Location: Chiesa Nuova

Extra: Example of a new order church of the oratorians, counter reformation style. Early Facade had to be redone when the expanded the inside. Rughesi based on Vingola's facade design of Il Gesu. References to the virgin (miracle-working virgin holding child on inside, only thing that remains from the og old church on this site), inscription mentions Cardinal Pier Donato Cesi (gave the money for its construction)

Nave w/ chapels directly off of it → smaller nave than Il Gesu, cramped inside

entombment of christ

Time: 1602-1604

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Vittrici Chapel, Chiesa Nuova

Style: baroque

Extra:

Commissioned by caravaggio's nephew

Shows christ after his death

No cross - not a deposition, it's an entombment

Shows the moment after he is taken down from the cross (after pietas scene would have happened, even tho we know thats not canonical biblical imagery)

Inspired by michelangelo pietas

Chiarascruo (strong dramatic contrast btwn light/dark)

Emotionally intense, mary is depicted as older

Mary is actually touching jesus unlike the pieta, shows his humanity

Sense of physical struggle → Nicademus struggling to hold the weight of christ's dead body

San Agostino in Campo Marzio

Time: late 1470s-1483

Creator: unknown, probably Florentine (Patron: Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville)

Location: San Agostino

Extra: Built in reference to the Santa Maria del Popolo, one of the six sistine churches, Travertine from the Colosseum, 2 registers, basilical plan, 2 scrolls unifying upper and lower registers. Beanpod decoration on scrolls (florentine design). Strange architect, started to made a pediment then it gets broken by second register (archiectural mistake?)

Road parallel to church used as major pilgrimage route (augustan road)

3 doors on register

Mother church of augustinian order

Johann Goritz Tomb Altar (painting)

Time: 1512

Creator: Raphael

Location: San Agostino

Extra: Prophet Isaiah. Latin, Greek, and Hebrew all in the painting. Reference to sistine chapel prophets. Frozen moment (2D and 3D - blue/yellow colors help w this effect). Isaiah about to stand up. Right foot casts a shadow. Complex contrapposto (legs twisting)

Johann Goritz Tomb Altar (Sculpture) (LP)

Time: 1511-12

Creator: Andrea Sansovino

Location: San Agostino

Extra: St. Anne, Madonna, and child, earliest example of 3 figures out of single block of marble. Sansovino pushing the medium of sculpture (180° the statue draws the viewers in). Virgins face based on Ancient Rome sculptures. Christ complex, contrapostal, holding bird (reference to the end of his life, accepting his fate [holding the bird away from Mary & Anne])

Anne is the highest figure, first one you see when you walk in (she's Mary's mother and Christ's grandmother)

Christ is holding a bird, goldfinch → represents christ dying on cross

Bird comes and bathes in blood → reference to christ's death, depicting his fate

Only example of multiple figures carved from 1 block of stone

Sculpture addresses us

Martelli Tomb Altar (LP)

Time: 1516-1521

Creator: Jacobo Sansovino (DIFFERENT than andrea san sovino)

Location: San Agostino

Extra: based on seated Apollo with a lyre statue (this apollo was unbearded w/ long hair, thought to be a woman). Christ holding a bird and leaping out (Based on boy with goose statue and the Sansovino sculpture in the church). Miracle working sculpture (birth/fertility miracles)

Madonna di Loreto

Time: 1604-1606

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Cavalletti Chapel, San Agostino (major pilgrimage site)

Extra: Transforms religious imagery into an ordinary meeting of pilgrimage. Downward line through painting. Light coming from the left and highlighting mary (indicates Mary's youth and beauty). Christ a large toddler (to indicate his human side) and yet Mary doesn't struggle to hold him (look at her arched feet, testament to her otherwordliness). Mary's body moves in two ways at once. Christ depicted a human (growing and aging, humanity). The pilgrims depicted as the realities of pilgrimage, and as actual pilgrims looked at the painting they could identify with them. Almost touching Christ's feet (closeness yt impossible distance between divine and humanity) creates a tension in the painting. Viewers can see themselves in this piece, access to the divine is not just for the wealthy. ]

San Luigi Francesi

Time: 1560s-1580s

Creator: Giacomo della Porta (designed the façade) and Domenico Fontana.

Location: San Luigi Francesi

Extra: french national church

sparsely decorated initially

Belonged to french

Cardinal dies and leaves money for painting of his burial chapel inside

Exterior made w/ travertine, 2 registers

Style: high ren

Contarelli Chapel Paintings - Calling of Matthew

Time: 1599-1600

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: San Luigi Francesce

Extra: Caravaggio's first public commission (through Cardinal Del Monte's help). Oil on canvas, completed in workshop then brought to church. Originally people didn't like them(too dark, why oil?). Art guys love it, makes him famous. First large paintings w/many figures. Contrast between quiet scene of the "Calling" and loud scene of the "Martydom". All referencing conversion, beginning of faith and the end.

Painted in the street, follows the biblical description but has a sense of interiorness. Mathew surrounding by other tax collectors but only he is ready to hear the call of Jesus (seen through the contrast with the other collectors, either uninterested/don't fully accept what they see). Christ illuminated across his face with a copy of Adam's hand from Michelangelo's Animation of Adam.

Contarelli Chapel Paintings - Martyrdom of Matthew

Time: 1599-1600

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: San Luigi Francesce

Extra: Caravaggio's first public commission. Oil on canvas. makes him famous. First large paintings w/many figures. Contrast between quiet scene of the "Calling" and loud scene of the "Martydom". All referencing conversion, beginning of faith and end.

Mathew saying mass when he's killed. Scene is loud, bloody murder. M stabbed and on ground in christlike position, assassin ready to strike again. M reaches up to touch the angel in cloud holding a palm leaf (symbol of martyrs). Everyone in motion, majority of action on right side (first part of the chapel seen when entering church, drawing visitors into the chapel). Self portrait of Caravaggio in background (quoting School of Athens). Loincloths - takes place in a Bapitismal vault, aligns w/ ideas of conversion. Must be willing to die for your faith.

Contarelli Chapel Paintings - Inspiration of Saint Matthew (1601)

Not apart of the original commission. Done twice, first time they didn't like that Caravaggio implied that Mathew was illiterate and that his dirty foot stuck straight out into the priests face, also a third mathew model which was confusing. Final piece caravaggio uses the same model from martyrdom, mathew kneeling on a stool listening to the angel's words. Leg of the stoof over the edge of the stairs(only Mathew's weight keeps it grounded). Wearing a red/orange cloak (almost looks like fire-buring inspiration). The way the angel's cloak moves it looks like smoke.

Santa Maria sopra Minerva

Time: 13th-14th c. (took 50 years to build)

Creator:

Location:

Extra:

2nd dominican church

Dedicated to virgin mary

Thought this was a site of a temple to minerva but actually wasn't (hence the name)

Papal Portrait of Pope Innocent X

Time: around 1650

Creator: Diego Velasquez

Location: Galleria Doria-Pamphili

Extra:

One of the most important european papal portraits

Can sense his power when looking @ this portrait

3 different shades of red used -- impressive

Rest on the Flight into Egypt

Time: 1594-98 (sometime in those years, not a year spread, near the end )

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Doria-Pamphili

Extra: one of the first paintings done by Caravaggio. Four figures, the angel breaks the painting in half (earthly realm and the divine realm): Joseph & the Donkey, rocky ground, dark, remnants of dinner on the floor/Mary & Christ, green grass, lush forest, light (however its Autumn which alludes to Christ's death). Caravaggio is getting used to multi-figure composition (Mary is the same model and pose as his Magedalen painting). Subject quite sweet compared to his later violent works. He plays with dimensionality, flat wings of the angel vs. the delicate forest. Demonstrates his ability to complete religious works (would have been important in order to get a commission).

John the Baptist (actually Isaac and the Ram) (LP)

Time: 1602 (done sometime before 1600?)

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Doria-Pamphili

Extra: called john the baptist but paul disagrees (no lamb, instead a ram). Sistine Chapel ceiling inspiration clear (sibyls/prophets, complex contrapposto). Isaac looking at Abraham with a smile (pleading not to be killed) - in this scene he just got saved which is why he's smiling. Moment of emotional complexity, showing intense emotion. Demonstration of Caravaggio's unique interpretations of stories (he reimagines these biblical tales with drama and a certain realness and rawness).

Penitent Magdalene (LP)

Time: 1597

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Doria-Pamphili

Extra: Simplicity. One shelf of light in the top right corner. Jewllery broken & thrown to the ground (Mary has just met christ and gained spiritual depth). Tear dripping across cheek. Example of second period Caravaggio. Unknown patron but thinking about subject potentially for a young girl of a wealthy family whose parents want her to remember God and humility. Sullen pose, tear dripping across her face, deeply moving image. Simple background/image, light coming from corner.

Santa Maria della Vittoria (LP)

Time: 1610

Creator: Carlo Maderno??

Location: Santa Maria della Vittoria

Extra: Small counter reformation church located on an important route in and out of the city. Belongs to carmellite order. Originally dedicated to St. Paul rededicated to Mary (Mary of Victory) in 1620s. Cornaro chapel with ecstacy of santa theresa sculpture inside this church.

Chapel of Santa Theresa of Avila

Time: 1647-1652

Creator: Bernini, (Patron: Federico Cornaro)

Location: Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria

Extra: Bernini designed entire chapel. Inlaid marble floor with praying skeletons looking towards the altar for salvation. Sculpture by Bernini depicts the ecstasy of St. Theresa, almost orgasmic moment, difficult to depict what contact with God would be like (white marble stands out against the colors of the chapel). Pediment is undulating, imaginative and complex - typical of high Baroque architecture. Sculpture illuminated by light from window. Outer walls depict the Cornaro family members (creates a stage for visitors, you are brought into the chapel, high baroque theatrics).

Themes: salvation through faith/illusionism (clouds, melting of the vault)/stage design, theatricality (High Baroque)/polychrome (painting the interior with marble)/Total work of Art/idea of spac

Fontana dell'Acqua Felice - Moses Fountain

Time: 1585-1589

Creator: Domenico Fontana (Patron: Sixtus V)

Location: Quirinal Hill

Extra: Copies a Roman Triumphal Arch (Three Niches). Lions from egypt. Biblical scenes related to water. Counter reformation.

Moses: combines many ancient ideologies (catholics triumphing over all), bringing water just as Pius has done with the fountain. Supposed to feel the power of Moses. Figure a little off (never used full scale model). Often seen as a failure.

Church of San Andrea Quirinale (Facade + Interior)

Time: 1658-1661

Creator: Bernini (Paid for by Pamphili family)

Location: Quirinal hill :)

Extra: weird/unusual oval positioning, done for free (as in he wasnt paid), jesuit church

Baroque church, not all white inside, colored marble

St andrew above painting riding on a cloud (on pediment) → ascending to heaven??

Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Facade

Time: 1634-1641

Creator: Francesco Borromini

Location: Church of San Carlo

Extra: facade is curvilinear, one of first examples of this

Inside of church → all white interior. No frescoes, no decoration. 16 columns in diff groupings of 4. Oval dome, dove of the holy spirit in an equilateral triangle. Borromini intending spiritual experience → trying to bring you up to heaven just through architecture. Super theatrical, Borromini trying to trick the eye (convex vs. conclave niches of church, what you think you see isn't actually what's happening)

Courtyard of Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Facade

Time: 1660s

Creator: Boromini

Location: Church of San Carlo

Extra:

Paul yapped about the courtyard inside this church for DAYS and gonna be so honest I did not understand like any of it. But something about the "corner problem?" and as you move through the space new arches are being formed/seen, experiential space as you move around it

Palazzo Barberini Facade (LP)

Time: 1625

Creator: Carlo Maderno, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Francesco Borromini

Location: Quirinal Hill

Extra:

Triumph of Divine Providence (or the glorification of urban the 8th)

Time: 1632-39

Creator: Pietro da Cortana (Patron: Pope Urban VIII)

Location: Palazzo Barberini

Extra: Allegorical personifications of virtues, tells viewers about the superiority of the papal states, mythological scenes and animals, lots of symbolism/very complicated (look @ lilly's printout of all the diff figures in the painting)

In the palace of a papal family

Glorifying the pope, but mostly glorifying the barberini family

Full of personifications of virtues and values

Wreath of barberini bees

Divine providence = God directing things in such a way that the people are where they're meant to be

Urban being elected pope

Massive reception room in the palace of the barberini family → imagery that is so complex/confusing glorifies family and speaks to the power of the family

Judith Beheading Holofernes

Time: 1598-99

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Palazzo Barberini

Extra: Example of Caravaggio's signature chiaroscuro during his late second period (right before he gets his first public commission). Beginning of Caravaggio's thematic changings - drama, cruelty, violent deaths, mutilation. Fairly simple composition - three figures all in front plane. Complicated through little details and the complex expression on each of the figures spaces. The simplicity of the composition allows the viewer to become overwhelmed by emotion.

We see judith as a protector of the weak against evil. Raw, intense, yet religious piety. Focused on act yet also revulsion.

Succorpo Chapel/Crypt

Time: 1496/8-1506

Creator: Tommazo Malvito, Cardinal Carafa (patron)

Location: Duomo di Napoli

Extra:

Chapel of San Gennaro

Time: 1608-46

Creator: Francesco Grimaldi (architect), Domenichino (painting), Lanfranco (dome paint)

Location: Duomo di Napoli

Extra:

Seven Works of Mercy

Time: 1607

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Pio Monte della Misericordia (Naples)

Extra: scene from Matthew (acts of charity - when i was hungry you fed me, etc). Upper part = heavenly realm. Lower part = frieze, all representing different acts of mercy in one scene.

Anonymous figure carrying feet of a dead body → burial of the dead (act of mercy that Caravaggio adds)

The confraternity men would see themselves in the anonymous man

Woman visiting her father in prison feeding him breast milk → 2 acts of mercy: (hungry/fed, visiting prisoners)

Man drinking: act of mercy: giving water

Man pointing back → innkeeper, when I was a stranger you took me in

Taking in a pilgrim that looks like christ, idea that christ is in everyone you help

Wealthy man in center → giving cloak to man in ground → when I was naked you clothed me

Figure kneeling and sick → taking care of sick

Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli

Time: 1520s

Creator: Lorenzetto

Location: Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli

Extra: copies Palazzo Caprini which was designed by bramante

Rusticated travertine exterior

Sant'Andrea della Valle

Time: money given and facade started in 1590s. Finished in 1650s

Creator: Giacomo della Porta (architect), Domenichino (painter), Lanfranco (painter)

Location: Sant'Andrea della Valle

Extra: mother church of theatine order

Church was big enough to bring in people, teach them what it meant to be catholic

Wide nave fits a lot of ppl

Not a basilical plan → no side aisles, central nave

Side chapels - become standard in 15th C, would be sold to wealthy families

Barrel vaults → carried human voice best

Got rid of side aisles to everyone could see and pay attention to the altar

Interplay between clergy and laypeople, clergy have to walk past them to enter - sense of participation

Dome w drome represents heaven

All orders founded in 16th c (e.g. Jesuits and Theatines) were a reaction to protestant reformation, emphasis on greater spirituality, ideas of christian love and charity are important. Fur

Ginetti Chapel

Time: 1670s-1680s

Creator: Carlo Fontana

Location: Sant'Andrea della Valle

Extra: bernini-esque → all colored marble, except statues remain white

Sant'Evo Sapienza

Time: 1642-1660

Creator: Boromini

Location: Sant'Evo Sapienza

Extra: hexagonal, spiral lantern

Popes paid for everything (civil lawyers receiving an education @ this university). Chapel @ roman university

From far away, top looks like just layers. But when you get closer you can see that it's actually a spiral. Spiral inspired by tower of babel bible story → students lucky enough to be illuminated, use knowledge for good

Sant'Evo Sapienza Doors (LP)

Time:

Creator: Boromini

Location:

Extra:

Fountain of the Four Rivers

Time:1647-1652

Creator: Bernini (Patron: Pope Innocent X Pamphili)

Location: Piazza Navona

Extra: fountain made to hold obelisk of dominican. 4 figures, river god poses, classically inspired

Gangese (asia) → lack of flora/fauna, reflects mountainous terrain. Slowness of river, holding oar. Dragon head. Turned away from obelisk - catholicism didn't catch on in asia

Nile (africa) → shroud over head - unknown origin of nile @ time, ignorance of africa to christianity. Date palm + plants assoc. w fertility/life

Danube (europe) → both arms reach up to obelisk, one hand touches Pamphili crest. Laurel wreath - eurocentricism. Largest river in europe. Plants and blooming flowers

Rio della plata (americas) → huge missionary focus in south america. Silver coins = riches of the americas. Pear tree, armadillo - perceived exoticism. Exotic head, looks like stereotypical depiction of black africans

Santa Maria del Pace Facade

Time: 1655-1657

Creator: Pietro da Cortona (Patron: Pope Alexander VII Chigi)

Location: Santa Maria del Pace

Extra: Cortona designed piazza and facade

Location is kinda cramped, multiple alleyways. 8 paired tuscan doric style columns. Raphael fresco inside church

High baroque → second half of the 1650s

In the Piazza della pace, kinda near the piazza navonna → jammed in between a bunch of other buildings

Cortona making reference to temple of peace in the forum (which was round), but this of course is a christian temple

St Peters Facade

Time: 1608-1612

Creator: Carlo Maderno (Patron: Pope Paul V Borghese)

Location: Vatican City

Extra: originally was only width of the visible inscription with side bays added later

single register with large entablature

influenced by Vignola's unused Il Gesu design

Use of columns and pilasters to create depth on a flat facade

Meant to emphasize the central balcony for papal appearances

Honey colored varnish on back walls but not columns to create more depth

St. Peters Square (Piazza San Pietro)

Time: 1656-1667

Creator: Bernini (Patron: Alexander VII Chigi, finished under Clement IX)

Location: Vatican City

Extra: oval piazza with 2 colonnades (southern and northern), tuscan doric columns

Southern colonnade done first, actually enters into papal palace while northern colonnade is just for symmetry

Never completed, third arm was meant to exist between the two existing ones

Piazza itself is meant to act as a church

There is an altar, also relic of the true cross in the obelisk topper

Also meant to mimic a theater/circus with obelisk and fountains

St peter was killed on spina of a circus

Cathedra Petri

Time: 1657-1666

Creator: Bernini

Location: St. Peters Basilica

Extra: chair of st peter enclosed within throne. throne is the center of the space, represents multiple layers of authority. scenes on the throne - christ ordering peter to lead, transfer of authority, handing over keys. gilded bronze

Altar Baldicchino

Time: 1624 -1633

Creator: Bernini

Location: St. Peters Basilica

Extra: made out of wood covered in bronze

Same spot as altar in old st peters

Makes references to both peter and paul

Mixes two different type of altar coverings

scrolls - Boramini-esque

twisted vine covered columns

St Peters Basilica Dome

Time: 1588-1590

Creator: Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta

Location: St. Peters Basilica

Extra: double dome, 2nd largest dome in the world. God the father in center of dome. stars, ranks of angels. as you come up the nave, first figure you see is the resurrected christ.

St Peters Basilica Dome piers

Time: mid 1620s-1630s

Creator: Bernini

Location: St. Peters Basilica

Extra: four piers, four relics with statues representing relics by bernini in niches

Spear of longinus, veil of veronica, true cross, St. Andrews head

Bernini designed all four, only sculpted longinus

Women looking earthwards, men heavenwards

Balconies above have aediculas with same imagery as the statue below them

Off of rooms that hold relics

sanctity of the place + stuff that's in here (lots of relics, constantine built over body of peter, everything in here becomes holy, primary pilgrimage church in all of Catholicism)

universality of catholic religion (largest church + piazza - everyone brought here)

direct succession of each pope not from each other, but directly from peter himself (peter = first pope)

supreme authority of the papacy (pope as stand in for christ on earth, more powerful than any king/prince, etc., no higher state in the world)

earthly jerusalem (place of salvation, passing into earthly salvation, cross bridge for procession/pilgrimage of salvation, reflection of heavenly jerusalem)

ST PETERS BASILICA THEMES

Tomb of Pope Alexander VII Chigi

Time: 1671-1678

Creator: Bernini

Location: St. Peters Basilica

Extra: last major sculptural commission by bernini

Figure of death @ front → hooded, holding hourglass

Mother holding baby on left side → charity

Woman on left holding bronze sun → truth

Also in back are female figures of prudence and justice (hard to see/hidden)

Ponte Sant'Angelo Angels

Time: 1668 (1667-1669)

Creator: Bernini

Location: Ponte Sant'Angelo

Extra: under pope clement 9th, taking up the renovatio romae mantle. Replacement angels are in 1671 (too beautiful to have the ogs out on display). Bernini does the designs, but only carves 2 angels himself (angel carrying superscription and angel with crown of thorns). Chronological element to bernini's angel sculptures. Guardian aspect of the angels too. Arma christi (weapons used to harm christ), go through your own via crucis as you walk along the bridge and to st peters basilica. Angels help you move from secular to holy and back, occupy this liminal space.

Villa Borghese Facade

Time: 1610

Creator: Flaminio Ponzio

Location: Borghese Gardens/Villa Borghese

Extra:

some influence from villa farnesina

Built to be a place to display the borghese families collection, not meant for living in

Not built that well, has to be renovated a lot

Used to be covered in ancient roman spoglia (e.g. friezes from triumphal arches)

Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius

Time: 1618-1619

Creator: Bernini (Patron: Cardinal Scipione Borghese)

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra:

First large-scale sculptural commission for bernini

3 stages of man

Piety, loyalty to family, important to roman history/connection

Boy with a Basket of Fruit

Time: 1595

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra:

Probably painted to be sold, not on commission

Shows how good caravaggio was at still lives

Sensual, meant to entice and then for viewer to reject the temptation

Model was likely mario minniti (a "good friend" of caravaggio, nothing gay here)

Sick Bacchus

Time: roughly 1593

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra:

Perhaps a self portrait

Dont know what the disease is

Sickly complexion but healthy body

Interaction with viewer, perhaps offering the grapes and also looking right at us

Madonna and Child with St. Anne

Time: 1605

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra:

Referring back to genesis with snake getting crushed under christs heel

Mary helping christ, anne just watching

No interaction with the audience (weird!)

St. Jerome Writing

Time: 1605

Creator: Caravaggio (Patron: Cardinal Scipione Borghese)

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra: wrapped in red blanket (red cloaks of the cardinals). receiving inspiration from God --> how do I translate the word of God? (translating bible into latin?) simplicity of image, just a table, skull looking @ jerome

St. John the Baptist (but ACTUALLY Isaac and the Ram) (second one of these)

Time: 1609ish? Sometime in 4th period (1606-10)

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra: unfinished/incomplete painting. Ram, not lamb. Slightly earlier in Isaac story, before Isaac has been saved (other Isaac painting by Caravaggio @ Doria Pamphili is a tiny bit later in the story). Moment is strategically different. We feel the emotional state of Abraham/dad having to kill his son

David with the Head of Goliath

Time: 1609

Creator: Caravaggio

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra: David dressed in contemporary costume. Caravaggio shows himself as the severed head of Goliath (deep emotions here - his self portrait as decapitated head), blood gushing from dead head, holding sword near groin area

Pluto and Proserpina / Rape of Proserpine

Time: 1621-1622

Creator: Bernini (Patron: Cardinal Scipione Cafafarelli/Borghese)

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra: Pluto abducting Proserpina for the underworld. Both figures covered up/modest. Proserpina's hair blowing in the wind. Suggestion that these figures are literally running

Apollo and Daphne

Time: 1622-1625

Creator: Bernini (Patron: Cardinal Scipione Caffarelli/Borghese)

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra: Left leg of Apollo completely back in air. Arms in air. Can't see any genitals on either figure. Figures running, through garden/rugged terrain. Apollo chasing her, Daphne prays to her father (river god?) for help, he turns her into a tree. Bernini modeling this Apollo off of Apollo Belvedere (Vatican). tons of emotion in this scene -- Apollo thinks he has her, then realizes he doesn't, Daphne also very scared. Daphne's toes are turning into roots, fingers turning into leaves/branches.

David

Time: 1625

Creator: Bernini (Patron: Cardinal Scipione Borghese)

Location: Galleria Borghese

Extra: Human size (not like Michelangelo's big David). Tensing every single muscle in his body. story that this is a self-portrait of Bernini himself. 4th commission to scipione borghese. Mich's David = full of potential energy. Bernini's David = in action, displaying active movement/energy. twisting figure, complex pose

1400s

Linear perspective (depth!)

More natural human bodies

Interest in science, math, and anatomy

Flat, square, boxy

papal power

quiet classicism

Early Renaissance

late 1400s - early 1500s

Balanced compositions, ideal beauty

Mastery of perspective and anatomy

Techniques like sfumato (soft blending)

Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

contraposto

rich emotions

High Renaissance

1520s to 1600

Key idea: Artificiality and exaggeration

Elongated bodies, strange poses

Unnatural colors and space

Reaction against High Renaissance perfection

Pastel colors

confusion

shot colors (conjanti)

weird proportions

busy

hard to understand/tell what's going on in a scene

Mannerism

(movement that shapes baroque, not a style itself)

Catholic church responds to the protestant reformation (post council of trent)

Sets rules for art: clear, emotional, religious message must be obvious

Artists: Caravaggio, Bernini

Counter Reformation

1600s

Key idea: Drama and emotion

Strong contrasts of light/dark (chiaroscuro)

Movement, intensity, realism

Designed to evoke emotion (especially in Catholic Counter-Reformation)

Artists: Caravaggio, Bernini

Baroque

- simplicity, didactic, white churches, purity, very religious

Early Baroque

?

Intended emotional experience for viewer

theatricality

Aestheticism

Return to beauty

Art communicating messages → greater interest from viewer

High Baroque

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