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Declaration of Independence

Document that emphasized consent of the governed and citizens' unalienable rights; declared American colonies were no longer under British control.

Principles of the Constitution

Limits the power of the federal government through separation of powers and checks and balances.

Bill of Rights

Lists freedoms and rights guaranteed to all U.S. citizens, including religion, assembly, the press, speech, due process, and trial by jury.

Laissez-faire

A policy where the government has a limited role in the economy; one of five democratic values observed by Tocqueville.

Populism

The idea that Americans of various backgrounds can participate in government, not just the elite; one of five democratic values observed by Tocqueville.

Pluribus Unum

Latin for 'out of many, one'; symbolizes the unity of the thirteen original colonies.

Civic responsibilities

Duties of U.S. citizens to participate in government, such as voting in elections, serving on juries, and staying informed.

Gilded Age

Period marked by the growth of U.S. Industries, with businesses becoming wealthy and corrupt officials supporting business-first policies.

Bessemer steel process

Method for manufacturing stronger, cheaper steel, used for railroads and bridges, enabling construction of taller buildings.

Electricity

Improved manufacturing efficiency; electric lighting led to longer workdays and increased production.

Transcontinental Railroad

Provided farmers and ranchers access to distant markets; contributed to western settlement.

Monopoly

Total control of an industry by one company; restricted by laws intended to protect competitors and regulate prices.

Labor unions

Organizations advocating for better pay, safer conditions, and the end of child labor, leading to increased federal involvement.

Urbanization

Rapid growth of cities due to migration for industrial jobs, resulting in sanitation problems.

Political machines

Organizations that controlled political parties, trading jobs/community improvements for votes; justified corruption by helping the poor and immigrants.

Immigrants

Moved to the U.S. for better economic opportunities and were often forced to assimilate into American culture.

Nativists

Individuals who viewed immigrants as competition for jobs and sought restrictions on immigration.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Legislation passed to prevent Chinese immigrants from taking jobs in the U.S. West.

Homestead Act

Legislation that resulted in rapid settlement of the Great Plains.

Assimilation

The process by which American Indians were forced to adopt U.S. culture through boarding schools and land ownership.

Progressive Era

Period focused on social improvements led by movements such as the Populist Party.

Jane Addams

Pioneered the Settlement House movement in the U.S. to help assimilate immigrants and fought for women's suffrage.

Jim Crow Laws

Legislation that limited rights gained by African Americans through the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Founded the NAACP, a civil rights group fighting for the legal rights of African Americans.

State reforms

Initiatives like initiative, referendum, and recall that increased citizen participation in democracy.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle,' leading to government regulation of food products.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Legislation passed to protect consumer health and safety, influenced by muckrakers.

National Park Service

Agency created to conserve natural resources and maintain public areas.

Improved working conditions

Child Labor Act and creation of the Department of Labor aimed to ensure safety and well-being of workers.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited sale of alcohol; aimed to reduce crime and health issues, leading to the rise of speakeasies.

Nineteenth Amendment

Granted women the right to vote, significantly increasing their political power.

Effects of Spanish-American War

Established the U.S. as a world power and acquired new territories.

Hawaii

Annexed for military presence in the Pacific and access to resources.

Big Stick policy

The threat of U.S. intervention in the Western Hemisphere as part of Roosevelt's Corollary.

Panama Canal

Canal built to decrease travel time, facing construction challenges due to climate and terrain.

World War I

Conflict initiated by the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, with the U.S. initially neutral.

Trench warfare

Military strategy that led to stalemates, using machine guns, tanks, and poison gas.

U.S. enters WWI

Triggered by German aggression toward the U.S., including the Zimmermann Telegram.

World War I Homefront

Citizens encouraged to buy war bonds and support the workforce in industries.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

Troops led by General John J. Pershing during WWI.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws limiting free speech and actions during wartime, upheld by the Supreme Court.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Proposals by President Wilson to prevent future conflicts, including the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Post-WWI treaty aimed at weakening Germany, rejected by the U.S.

Isolationism

U.S. policy post-WWI supporting withdrawal from international involvement.

Roaring 20s

Period of economic prosperity marked by scandals and cultural changes.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Bribery scandal that undermined trust in the federal government.

Mass manufacturing

Assembly-line production methods popularized by Henry Ford, leading to affordability of goods.

Flappers

Women in the 1920s who challenged social norms with bold lifestyles and fashion.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans to northern states for economic opportunities.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement celebrating African American arts and influencing the Civil Rights movement.

Great Depression

Period marked by economic loss, widespread poverty and failure of businesses.

Overspeculation

Excessive stock trading based on overoptimism leading to the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

Environmental disaster caused by poor farming practices leading to widespread devastation.

New Deal

FDR's agenda focused on economic relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Agency that guarantees bank deposits and protects savings.

Social Security Administration

Federal program supporting the elderly and disabled.

Tenth Amendment

Used by the Supreme Court to challenge some New Deal policies.

Roosevelt's court-packing plan

Attempted expansion of the Supreme Court to secure New Deal plans, ultimately rejected.

Twenty-Second Amendment

Limits presidents to two terms following FDR's four terms.

Pearl Harbor

U.S. naval base attacked by Japan, leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

World War II Homefront

Citizens encouraged to purchase bonds and ration resources.

Women during WWII

Took on nontraditional roles in workforce to support the war effort.

Japanese American Internment camps

Resulted from Executive Order 9066, violating rights of citizens.

Tuskegee Airmen

African American WWII pilots who fought for integration in the armed forces.

Navajo Code Talkers

Used native language for secure military communications during WWII.

The Holocaust

Genocide of Jews in Europe, leading to migration to America.

Atomic bomb

Developed in Los Alamos and used against Japan to end WWII.

Cold War

Period marked by geopolitical tension and conflict between U.S. and communist powers.

Berlin Airlift

U.S. and UK supply missions to West Berlin during the Soviet blockade.

Marshall Plan

U.S. aid to Western Europe for recovery post-WWII.

Containment

U.S. policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigated suspected communists in Hollywood.

McCarthyism

Political movement led by Senator McCarthy accusing government officials of communism.

Sputnik I

Soviet satellite launch that ignited the space race and increased focus on education.

Aerospace industry

Produced technologies for civilian and military advancements.

G.I. Bill

Legislation providing benefits to WWII veterans, facilitating their reintegration.

Economic prosperity

Era of growth leading to job creation and middle-class expansion.

Suburbs

Expanded post-WWII due to various socio-economic factors.

Vaccines

Developed to combat infectious diseases and promote public health.

Civil Rights

Movement advocating for racial equality and the rights of marginalized groups.

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court decision enforcing school desegregation.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Key figure in the Civil Rights movement advocating for nonviolent protest.

Black Panthers

Militant organization fighting racial inequality, founded by Huey P. Newton.

Little Rock Crisis

Conflict over school desegregation requiring federal intervention.

March on Washington

Peaceful protest advocating for civil and economic rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation outlawing discrimination in public places.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Agency formed to prevent employment discrimination.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Ended discriminatory practices aimed at limiting African American voting.

Cesar Chavez

Activist who fought for the rights of migrant workers and social justice.

Women's movement

Social movement focused on women's rights and equality, influenced by literature.

Chicano movement

Advocated for rights of Mexican Americans; led by Chavez and Huerta.

Domino theory

Concept that led to U.S. intervention in Vietnam to combat communism.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Increased presidential military powers without congressional approval.

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Lowered voting age to 18, reflecting military service as a voting qualification.

Anti-war movement

Protests against U.S. involvement in Vietnam, sparked by public discontent.

War Powers Resolution

Law limiting presidential powers regarding military engagement.

Environmental reforms

Response to environmental concerns resulting in protective legislation.

Nixon's foreign policies

Notable for normalization with China and arms control agreements.

Watergate scandal

Political scandal leading to Nixon's resignation and erosion of government trust.