nutrition final

transamination

process by which amino acid groups are transferred from a donor to acceptor

amine group

excreted as urea when amino acids are used for energy

excess amino acids

burned as fuel or stored as fat

electron transport chain

the phase of cellular respiration when the majority of ATP is produced

what does feasting encourage

protein synthesis

fat synthesis

glycogen synthesis

what does feasting NOT encourage

gluconeogenesis

what does glycolysis begin with

glucose

what does glycolysis end with

pyruvate

enzymes

control oxidation-reduction reaction in the body

lactate

ensures NAD+ supply when muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions

compound reduction

GAINS one or more electron

what causes ketosis to increase

fasting

uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

low carb diet

what do plants use the sun for in photosynthesis

to produce organic compounds from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what is flavin adenine dinucleotides (FAD) a coenzyme form of

vitamin riboflavin

nicotinamide adenine dicnucleotide (NAD)

picks up and delivers hydrogens to acceptor molecules

metabolism

all chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life

cholesterol

animal-derived

lean body mass

best predictor of basal metabolic rate

carbohydrate function

supply energy

carb examples

sugars

starches

dietary fiber

basal metabolism

what the greatest portion of adult energy expenditure is on

benefits of regular and consistent exercise

better sleep habits

reduced stress

improved balance

ATP

most directly supplies energy for muscle contraction

phosphocreatine

energy rich compound found in MUSCLE tissue

(T/F) beta oxidation occurs in cytosol

false

where does beta oxidation occur

mitochondria

thermic effect of food

accounts for 5-10% of energy consumed daily

information needed to calculate estimated energy needs

height

weight

age

body mass index

ratio of body weight to height

milk/dairy products

most nutrient dense food source of calcium with high bioavailability

All B vitamins

nutrient that exists in foods in nutrient and coenzyme forms

beta-carotene

can be converted to vitamin A in body

calcium

most abundant mineral found in body

placebo

inert substance with no biological questions or a fake medicine that is used in controlled experiments

sources of carbs

grains

dairy

vegetables

nutrition related objectives of Healthy People

increase veggie and calcium intake

reduce childhood obesity

protein calories

4

carb calories

4

fat calories

9

alcohol calories

9

systemic review

critical evaluation and synthesis of research studies focusing on a specific topic

zoochemicals

chemicals found in animal products

example of anthropometric assessment

measure skinfold thickness

nutrients added to enriched grains

thiamin

riboflavin

niacin

folic acid

iron

hunger

physiological drive to find and eat food

healthy body mass index (BMI)

18.5 - 24.9

maintenance of weight loss

fostered by self monitoring, eating breakfast, have regular exercise plan

where is vitamin B12 found

animal products

fiber

complex carb not broken down by digestive processes

zinc

inorganic nutrient

mitochondria

site of greatest energy production in muscle cell

proteins

formed by linking together amino acids

nutrients that help regulate body processes

some lipids, some vitamins, some minerals

fad diet weight loss program

guarantees successful weight loss for everyone

promotes quick weight loss

recommends expensive, unproven nutrient supplements

glycogen

what glucose is stored in muscle tissue as

high carb diet

best for athletes to build up maximum stores of muscle glycogen

leading cause of diet-related death in the US

heart disease

triglycerides

what a majority of stored energy in body is in the form of

essential fatty acids

help regulate blood pressure and nerve transmission

Hitting the Wall

someone who has run out of available carbs for energy

recommended protein amount for athletes building muscle

1.2 - 1.7 g/kg

iron

increase red blood cell product (in athletes especially female)

energy intake is greater than energy output

increase in body weight

risks of losing 2% or more of body weight by dehydration

increase body temp

reduced blood volume

decreased performance

chloride

main anion in extracellular fluid

what fasting/starvation encourages

ketone production

gluconeogenesis

lean body mass breakdown

liver

where alcohol metabolism occurs

substantial sources of vitamin C

citrus fruits and veggies

supplements of these water soluble vitamins are most likely to cause toxicity symptoms

vitamins B6 and C

(T/F) people in the united states are generally more at risk of malnutrition due to overnutrition than undernutrition

true

niacin

can cause flushing of face and skin

(T/F) the body can make glucose from fatty acids

false

thamin

vitamin that prevents beri-beri

(T/F) the fat soluble vitamins all gave hormone like activity

false

Vitamin D

vitamin that can act like hormone

nutrition

science of food; nutrients/substances therein; actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health/disease

energy yielding nutrients

carbs

protein

fats

beta oxidation process

fatty acids break apart and form acetyl coA

starting molecule in fatty acid synthesis

acetyl coA

what happens to excess energy when the diet contains more energy than is expended

its stored as fat in adipose tissue