History Final Exam Study Guide Part 3 (Organizations/Events)

Butler Act

Was a law in Tennessee that deemed it unlawful for any teachers to teach the theory that denies the creation story in the Bible

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmermann Note

proposes alliance of Germany, Mexico against U.S.—intercepted by British agents.

Washington Naval Conference

Harding invites major powers, not Russia. Limit the construction of large naval warships for all nations

Kellogg-Briand Pact

(Coolidge), 62 nations renounce war as national policy, but the US doesn't join the World Court to enforce it, so it's quickly ignored.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.

Teapot Dome Scandal

The transfer of gov't owned oil fields to Dept of Interior for personal use/gain

18th Amendment

banned the making, distributing, or selling of alcohol, became part of the Constitution.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed. "Run on banks"

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone. Nervous investors begin selling stocks

Hawley Smoot Tariff

high protective tariff passed in June 1930 that contributed to a worldwide depression. To protect American manufacturers from foreign competition.

Yalta Conference

(Feb 1945)

- Meeting of FDR, Stalin, Churchill

- Planned post-WWII Europe

- Germany divided into 4 occupation zones (U.S., Britain, France, USSR)

- USSR kept control of Eastern Europe with promise of free elections

- Agreed to create the United Nations

Potsdam Conference

- Truman, Attlee, and Stalin met at Potsdam, Germany in July-August, 1945

- Issued a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally or else...

- Decided to hold war-crimes trial of Nazi leaders @ Nuremberg.

Marshall Plan

- After WWII, Europe lay in ruins, short of food, and deep in debt.

- The 1948 Marshall Plan: gave $12 billion in aid to the countries of Western Europe.

- Aid was also offered to the USSR and its Eastern European satellites, but they refused the help.

Truman Doctrine

- Announced by President Harry S. Truman (1947)

- U.S. policy of helping countries resist communism

- Supported "free peoples" against pressure from armed groups or outside forces

- Focused on stopping the spread of communism

- Led to the policy of containment

- Provided aid (money, military, support) to countries threatened by communism

League of Nations

An international peacekeeping organization, which all countries should belong to.

United Nations

- Created in 1945 after WWII

- Meeting in San Francisco (April 1945)

- Goal: keep world peace and cooperation

- General Assembly includes all member nations

- Security Council includes 5 permanent members: U.S., USSR, Britain, France, China

- Plus 10 rotating members

- Purpose: prevent future wars and solve global problems (economic, social, humanitarian)

NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization - April, 1949)

Ten European countries, plus the US and Canada, signed a joined this mutual defense pact to prevent Soviet expansion to and protect Western Europe

Battle of Meuse Argonne

Sept-Nov 1918 (Allied Victory)

- AEF reinforcements helped to break the stalemate, penetrated the German front lines and eventual end of WWI

- Symbolic to the US army in showing capability and establish US as a dominant power/fighting force

Battle of Iwo Jima (Feb 19, 1945 - Mar 26, 1945)

lasted 6 weeks, several thousand marines, and more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers were killed, this battle is also notable for the famous photograph of US marines lifting the American flag to a standpoint

Battle of Tarawa (Nov 20-23 1943)

- WWII Pacific battle (Gilbert Islands)

- U.S. Marines attacked Japanese-held island

- Very strong Japanese defenses

- Heavy U.S. casualties in a short time

- First major step in the island-hopping campaign toward Japan

Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct 23, 1944 - Oct 26, 1944)

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.

Battle of Chosin

- Nov-Dec 1950: 30K American troops were cut off from supply, were encircled and attacked by about 120,000 Chinese troops who had been ordered by Mao Zedong to destroy the UN forces.

Results:

- Chinese victory, UN forces fighting retreat

- High water mark of Korea Conflict for UN

- Use of air superiority to keep Marines alive

Battle of Inchon

- Sept 1950

- Surprise amphibious assault far from the Pusan Perimeter that UN and Republic of Korea Army (ROK) forces were desperately defending

Results:

- UN victory and recapture of Seoul

- Ended advances by the North Korean Army

- Served the NK supply lines in South Korea

- Rapid collapse of the North Korean army

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Paid farmers to reduce production to raise crop prices (Recovery)

Civilian Conservation Corp

Gave jobs to young men doing environmental work (Relief)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp

Insured bank deposits to prevent bank failures and protect savings

National Recovery Admin

Set minimum wages for workers, set minimum prices for goods. By raising wages, you can raise prices (Recovery)

Security & Exchange Commission

Regulated the stock market to provent fraud and protect investors (Reform)

Social Security Act

Provided pensions for the elderly and aid for disabled/unemployed (Reform)

Tennessee Valley Authority

Built dams to provide electricity, control flooding, and create jobs (Relief)

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Pearl Harbor

When:

What:

Why:

When: December 7, 1941

What: Surprise Japanese attack on U.S. naval base

Why: Japan wanted to weaken the U.S. Pacific Fleet

D-Day

When:

What:

Who:

Why:

When: June 6, 1944

What: Allied invasion of Normandy, France

Who: United States, Britain, Canada, and Allies

Why: Open a western front against Germany

Atomic Bomb

Who:

Where:

Why:

Who: United States

Where: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan

Why: Force Japan to surrender and end WWII

Nuremberg Trials

Who:

What:

Who: Nazi leaders

What: Trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity

Japanese Internment

Who:

What:

Why:

Who: Japanese Americans

What: Forced relocation to internment camps

Why: Fear of espionage after Pearl Harbor

V-E Day

When:

What:

When: May 8, 1945

What: Victory in Europe; Germany surrendered

V-J Day

When:

What:

When: August 14-15, 1945 (official signing Sept. 2)

What: Victory over Japan; Japan surrendered

How did the United States change as a result of their involvement in a post-WWI world?

The United States became a stronger world power but returned to isolationism. Americans rejected the League of Nations and focused on business and economic growth during the 1920s.

How did the United States experience massive economic growth and sweeping social change after WWI?

Mass production, assembly lines, and new consumer goods increased economic growth. Cars, radios, and appliances became common. Women gained voting rights, and new cultural trends changed American society.

How did the New Deal respond to the Great Depression? Name 3 programs.

The New Deal provided relief, recovery, and reform. Examples include:

CCC (jobs for young men)

AAA (helped farmers)

FDIC (protected bank deposits)

Social Security Act (retirement benefits)

TVA (electricity and jobs)

How did the Cold War heat up in the 1950s?

The Cold War heated up when North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. The United States entered the Korean War to stop the spread of communism under the policy of containment.

Two long-term effects:

- Korea remained divided at the 38th Parallel.

- The Cold War arms race and tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union increased.