11-12-24 [Signaling pathways that control gene expression] [Munmun] (1) (copy)

What are the key components controlling gene expression in signaling pathways?

Ligands, receptors, and signal transduction proteins.

What is the role of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) in signaling pathways?

They bind ligands, undergo dimerization, and autophosphorylate to trigger downstream signaling.

How does the Ras/MAP Kinase signaling pathway facilitate gene transcription?

It activates transcription factors that regulate cell-specific pathways.

What is the function of scaffold proteins in signaling pathways?

They maintain separation among signaling pathways to ensure specificity.

What is the role of JAK2 in cytokine signaling?

JAK2's kinase activity regulates pathways leading to transcriptional activation via STAT proteins.

How does TGF-β influence gene transcription?

It activates SMAD proteins through serine kinase receptors to regulate gene expression.

What is the significance of the Notch/Delta signaling pathway?

It regulates cell fate through proteolytic cleavage releasing transcription factors that affect transcription.

What is the primary function of the NF-κB pathway?

It regulates immune responses and inflammatory signaling.

What mechanisms do SOCS proteins utilize in cytokine signaling regulation?

They mediate degradation of signaling components for long-term regulation.

How do signals affect the chromatin state of genes for transcription?

Signals lead to phosphorylation and acetylation changes that transition between closed and open chromatin.

What types of cellular responses do GPCR pathways activate?

They activate various responses depending on the specific pathway involved (A to D).

What are the general steps following receptor activation in EGF receptor signaling?

Ligand binding causes dimerization, conformational change, autophosphorylation, and phosphorylation cascades.

What does the term 'proteasomal degradation' refer to in signaling pathways?

It refers to the irreversible control of protein levels impacting cellular functions.

What roles do cytokines play in cell biology?

They promote differentiation and cell proliferation.

What are the main outcomes of the MAPK pathway's activation?

Induction of gene transcription and regulation of various cellular functions.