Science Final

What are the four states of matter and give an example of each?

solids, liquids, gases, and plasma

What are the 3 key points of Kinetic Theory regarding matter?

all matter is made up of small particles, those particles are in constant motion, the particles collide with each other and with the walls of the container that it is in.

How do particles move in the Gas State? What is the shape and volume of a gas?

they move quickly and randomly, no definite shape nor volume

How do particles move in the liquid state? What is the shape and volume of a liquid?

They do not move as quickly as gas particles; definite volume and takes the shape of the container it’s in.

How do particles move in the solid state? What is the shape and volume of a solid?

They vibrate in place; have a definite shape and volume.

How do changes in temperature affect the particles in a substance?

as matter absorbs heat, the particles move quicker and break free of their bonds.

What is vaporization? What is the name of the energy required to vaporize matter?

Vaporization is conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous (vapour) phase

What is melting point? What is the name of the energy required to melt matter?

Melting point is the point (temperature) at which a solid becomes a liquid; heat of fusion

Explain thermal expansion and give an example.

It is an increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increases, sidewalks cracking

How does water act differently than other matter when it freezes?

Water acts differently because when it freezes it expands whereas other matter condenses when it freezes.

What is the Archimedes’ Principle? This describes what force?

Archimedes’ principle states that if an object weighs less than the fluid it displaces, then it will float; Buoyant force

Explain Pascal’s Principle. What is the unit for Pressure? Give an example of Pascal’s Principle.

Pascal principle states that pressure applied to a fluid is evenly distributed throughout the fluid

What does Bernoulli's Principle say? Give an example of Bernoulli’s Principle.

Bernoulli’s principle states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted downward from the fluid decreases

What is viscosity? Give an example of a liquid that has a high viscosity.

It is a fluid’s resistance to flow

What does Boyle’s Law state? Give an example.

Boyle’s Law states that as pressure on a container of gases increases, the volume of the gases decrease

Describe Charles's Law. Give an example.

Charles’ law states that as the temperature of a gas increases, the volume of the gas increases

Define matter.

Matter is anything that takes up space and has volume.

List 4 physical properties of matter.

density, color, melting point and boiling point, texture, size (any characteristic that you can observe that does not change the substance)

List 4 chemical properties of matter.

flammability, acidity, reactive in water, rusting, rotting

What are the 2 main categories of mixtures? Give an example of each.

homogeneous and heterogeneous

Describe the Tyndall effect. What type of mixtures do we see the Tyndall effect present in?

Tyndall effect is the scattering of light in a solution (fog, milk)

Give an example of a solution, a suspension, and a colloid.

solution (sugar water, KoolAid); colloid (milk); suspension (Italian dressing)

What are the 2 categories of Pure Substances? Give an example of each.

Elements & Compounds ; Element (Oxygen, Gold, Carbon); Compounds (Carbon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride)

Who was the first scientist to propose that all matter is made up of atoms? In what year was this?

Democritus 400 BC

Where does the word atoms come from and what does it mean?

atoms come from “atomos” meaning indivisible

Which scientist proved the earlier theory that all matter is made up of atoms? In what year? What was his model called?

John Dalton 1800’s; A Solid Sphere

What are subatomic particles? Where are the subatomic particles located in an atom?

proton (in the nucleus), neutrons (in the nucleus), and electrons (the electron cloud)

What is a quark? How many types do scientists know about?

particles that make up protons and neutrons; scientists know about 6 quarks

Be able to define the name of an element if you are given the Atomic Symbol. Example. What element has an atomic number 48?

Cd (Cadmium)

If given an element name, be able to define how many protons, neutrons and electrons are in a neutral atom. Example: Oxygen

Oxygen’s atomic number is 8, and its atomic mass number is 16 # of protons_8_, # of neutrons 8, # of electrons ___8______

What is an isotope?

Isotopes are the elements with same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

What is average atomic mass and what is it measured in?

it is the weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes according to their natural abundance.

What are the 3 categories of elements on the periodic table?

metals, metalloids, and nonmetals

How are the elements of the modern periodic table arranged? How many elements are on the modern periodic table? How many elements are found in nature?

The most current periodic table is arranged by the increasing atomic number; 118; 92

What are the rows called in the periodic table? What information do the rows (1 – 7) tell us about the elements?

Rows are called periods; Periods let us know how many energy levels the atom has.

What are the columns called in the periodic table? What information do the columns (1,2, 13 – tell us about the elements?

Columns are called Groups; They tell us how many valence electrons the elements have.

What type of elements are along the staircase in the periodic table?

Metalloids

Non

metals are located on which side of the staircase?

Metals are located on which side of the staircase?

located on the left

Groups 3

12 of the periodic table are the

What type of elements are actinides and lanthanides?

Synthetic Elements

Who is credited for organizing the elements on the first periodic table?

Dmitri Mendeleev

Who am I? I am the only non

metal with 1 valence electron.

Who are we? We are the building blocks of all other elements.

Hydrogen & Helium

Who am I? I am the only liquid metal.

Mercury

Who am I? I am the most reactive non

metal.

List the physical properties of metals.

malleable, ductile, shiny, conductive

List the physical properties of non

metals.

List the physical properties of metalloids. Name the metalloids.

semiconductors, brittle

What is the name of Group 1 family elements? List 1 property of this group.

Akali Metals

What is the name of Group 2 family elements? List 1 property of this group.

Alkaline Earth Metals

What is the name of Group 17 family elements? List 1 property of this group.

Halogens; salt formers (makers)

What is the name of Group 18 family elements? List 1 property of this group.

Nobel Gases; stable, nonreactive

Why do atoms gain or lose their electrons?

To achieve stability

What is the octet rule?

It states that most atoms need 8 valence electrons to become stable.

A covalent compound is formed between a

nonmetal & a nonmetal.

When a covalent compound is formed, are electrons shared or transferred?

Electrons are shared

An ionic bond is formed between a

metal & nonmetal.

When an ionic compound is formed are electrons are shared or transferred?

Transferred

What is the correct name for the compound N2O5?

Dinitrogen pentoxide

What is the correct name for the compound NCl4?

Nitrogen Tetrachloride

What is the correct name for the compound B2S?

Diboron monosulfide

What is the name for MgO?

Magnesium Oxide

What is the chemical name for NaCl?

Sodium Chloride

In a chemical formula, the number of each type of atom in the compound is shown by numbers called

subscripts.

What is an oxidation number?

A number that represents the charge of the atom which is a result from the atom gaining or losing electrons.

The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is always

zero.

A loss of electrons results in a positive ion called a

cation.

A gain of electrons results in a negative ion called an

anion.

Lithium Oxide

Li₂O

Potassium Iodide

KI

Dicarbon Pentahydride

C₂H₅

Iodine Tetrafluoride

IF₄

In balancing chemical equations, you cannot change this number

The subscripts

In balancing chemical equations, you can change or add this number

coefficient

A balanced chemical equation follows the Law of

conservation of mass.

A ______ chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation.

balanced

The arrow in a chemical equation means

yields, produces, forms, makes.