PS-270 Chapter 11 (Exam 3)

Caffeine

Caffeine

World’s most popular psychoactive substance; about 120,000 tons of ____ are consumed annually

History: Coffee

-1st cultivated in Arabia between 12th and 15th centuries

-coffee houses become popular in 17th century Europe

History: Tea

-discovered almost 5,000 years ago in China

-17th century:

-Dutch ship tea to Europe —> becomes major part of BR economy (tea trade)

-Boston Tea Party

History: Chocolate

Americas → Mayans, Incas, & Aztecs cultivated the cacao tree and made a warm, thick, bitter drink from it’s beans

-Spanish explorers bring cacao pods to Spain

—> add in vanilla & sugar, becomes a popular drink

-19th Century: Dutch makes cocoa butter

History: Soft Drinks

1st become popular in the 19th century, invented by pharmacists, still popular today

History: Energy Drinks

soared to popularity in the last 2 decades; Red Bull is the most popular worldwide

Worldwide Prevalence

-consumption is ~75 mg/person a day

Worldwide Prevalence: Coffee

1) Nordic countries

Worldwide Prevalence: Tea

1) Turkey 2) Ireland 3) UK

Worldwide Prevalence: Chocolate

1) Switzerland 2) Germany 3) Ireland

Worldwide Prevalence: Soft Drinks

1) Argentina 2) U.S. 3) Chile

U.S. Prevalence

caffeine consumption is about 165 mg/day

-85% of U.S. population (90% adults) consume coffee

Coffee

Adults drink _____ mostly

Soft Drinks

Children/Teenagers drink _____ mostly

71%

______ of children have caffeine everyday

58%

_____ of 2-5 year olds have caffeine every day

Xanthines

group of naturally occurring organic compounds

-occur naturally in >60 plants

-ex: caffeine, thedoromine, theophylline

Sources & Forms: Coffee

beans of several species of Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta trees

Sources & Forms: Tea

leaf and bud of the Camellia sinensis tree

—> process produces different types of teas

Black Tea

dry/crush leaves, oxidize (ferment) (most caffeine)

Green Tea

steam fresh leaves to prevent oxidization

Oolong Tea

allow leaves to oxidize for a short time

Sources & Forms: Chocolate

from Theobroma cacao tree

—> contains a small amount of caffeine, but 8 times as much theobrine

—> then harvested, fermented, dried, cleaned, and roasted

—> add sugar, dried milk, and cocoa butter

Sources & Forms: Soft Drinks

contain water, flavor, sweetener, caffeine, coloring, and preservatives

—>many contain small amounts of cola nuts

—> soda is classified as a beverage and overseen by FDA

Sources & Forms: Energy Drinks

contain water, flavor, sweetener, caffeine, coloring, and preservatives

—> some energy drinks are classified as dietary supplements, not regulated by FDA

Route of Administration

almost always orally consumed from gastrointestinal tract

Metabolism

-CYP450 enzyme system of the liver

-Metabolized into metabolites (paravanthine, theophylline, and theobromine), which has its effects of the body

-Influenced by age, sex, race, and other drugs taken

2

Americans drink ___ cups of coffee a day

How much caffeine is in brewed coffee?

95 mg

How much caffeine is in instant coffee?

82 mg

How much caffeine is in red bull?

80 mg

How much caffeine is in black tea?

45 mg

How much caffeine is in coca cola?

40 mg

How much caffeine is in a shot of espresso?

27 mg

How much caffeine is in green tea?

20 mg

How much caffeine is in hot chocolate?

19 mg

How much caffeine is in decaf coffee?

3 mg

Adenosine

inhibitory neurotransmitter

-causes sedation, sleep, lowers blood pressure, and heart rate, decreases urination

-stimulates GABA

adenosine

caffeine blocks ____ receptors, which cause overall stimulation (no sleep signal)

Acute Effects

increased heart rate, muscle contractions, dilated bronchi, enhanced alertness/elevated mood

Why are acute effects hard to summarize?

Because usually ingested in beverage rather than the purest form

tolerant

effects depend on whether a person has become ______ to caffeine

Overdose

difficult to overdose

Caffeinism

about 100 cups of coffee in 1 day can be fatal

Treatments

respiratory stimulant for premature infants, asthma, and helps treat migraine headaches

Medical Uses

may help reduce risk of: type 2 diabetes, liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and cancer

Trigonelline

lowers blood sugar in coffee

Mortality

coffee/caffeine might reduce mortality

Tolerance

develops quickly; cardiovascular, sleep, respiratory; no effects on mood

Dependance

develops quickly

Withdrawal

headache, fatigue, irritability, decreased energy

Adverse Effects

increased risk of osteoporosis

Use During Pregnancy

most women drink caffeine during pregnancy

-effects are inconclusive

-want <100 mg daily (no more)

Quitting Caffeine

-slowly cut down daily intake

-drink water

-prep for withdrawal symptoms