APUSH Unit 6

Jim Crow Laws

Relegated African Americans as second class citizens

Progressives

Committed to democratic values and shared in the belief that honest government and just laws could improve the human condition

Social Gospel

Progressives combined Protestant Religion and humanitarian work. Belief that’s it the Christian Duty to be concerned about the plight of the poor and the immigrant, humanitarian work can attain salvation

Muckrakers

Sought government and big business reform. Wanted the government to take a more active role in the daily lives of people through regulation.

Middle Class Women

Proponents of social charity

Jane Addams

Leader of middle class women. Founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house

Suffragettes

Women who actively sought enfranchisement as they became more politically active in seeking rights for the worker

W.E.B. DuBois

Founding member of the NAACP

Temperance

Movement to stop alcohol consumption

Interstate Commerce Act

Federal law from ICC. Set to make rates equal and to take away railroad monopolies. First federal law to regulate private companies.

Bob Lafollette

Leading progressive, advocated for Women’s Suffrage, Senator then Governor of Wisconsin

Sherman Anti Trust Act

Intent to promote competition but usually sided with businesses. Created to prevent monopolies.

Pendleton Act

Civil Service reform. Government employees appointed by competitive applications instead of patronage.

Initiative

Allowed voters to write their issues on the ballot

Referendum

Voters could vote on predisposed laws on their ballots

Reform

Big bosses were targeted. Free kindergartens, night schools, parks, utilities were out of private hands

Recall

Voters could demand to “unelect” someone not doing their job

Secret ballot

Voters marked ballots in private so they couldn’t be intimidated

Teddy Roosevelt

Enthusiastic, young, progressive president. Brokered the “square deal”

Square deal

Roosevelt enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act and Empowered the ICC during a coal strike. He sided with workers.

3 Cs

Conservation of natural resources, Control of corporations, Consumer protection

Bully Pulpit

How Roosevelt viewed his presidency to preach his ideas

Elkins Act

Gave the ICC greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored consumers

The Hepburn Act

Authorized the ICC to set maximum railroad rates. Extended authority to bridges, terminals, ferries, etc.

Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

Regulated food inspection and sanitation

Trust Buster

Breaking up trusts using the Sherman Antitrust Act

Manns Elkins Act

Gave the ICC power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies

Federal Reserve Act

Granted authority to issue federal reserve notes, created a monetary system/stable financial system

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened provisions of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Exempted Unions from being processed as trusts.

Federal Trade Commission

Regulatory agency empowered to investigate against any unfair trade practice except in banking and transportation

Child Labor Act

Prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14

16th Amendment

Permits Congress to levy an income tax

17th Amendment

Establishes direct election of Senators by popular vote

18th Amendment

Prohibited manufacturing or sale of alcohol (repealed 1933)

19th Amendment

Women gained the right to vote

Social Darwinism

Laws of nature apply to human society (certain groups of people are more prone to survival). Aligns with “survival of the fittest”

Laissez Faire

Indicates no government intervention or interference in the economy

Old immigration

Early 19th century, primarily from Northern and Western Europe, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (besides Irish Catholics)

New Immigration

1860-1900. Came from southern and eastern Europe and were darker in skin. Typically Catholic and Jewish.

Bessemer Process

Process of making steel

John D. Rockefeller

Controlled Oil Industry, used horizontal consolidation

Andrew Carnegie

Perfected the Bessemer process, developed vertical consolidation, industrial statesman (wealth in steel)

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Trust

Combination of Corparations

Vertical Consolidation

Controlling every part of an industry

Horizontal Consolidation

Dominating multiple phases of an industry

Big Business

Relying on mechanization for the mass production of goods

Mechanization

Replaced skilled laborers, long work hours/weeks, treated workers as expendable