GE ELECT 4 - Final Term Exam (CH 6-9)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

An interdisciplinary field of research that seeks to understand the natural world and our relationship to it.

HUNTERS AND GATHERERS

From the first evolution of humans to the beginning of agriculture

EARLY PRE- INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE

Beginning sometime between 9000 B.C. and 6000 B.C. and lasting until approximately the 16th century

THE MACHINE AGE

Beginning in the 16th century

THE MODERN ERA

Beginning in the mid- 20th century

Population Dynamic

is the general study of population changes

Population

is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.

Species

is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding, and so aspecies is composed of one or more populations

Demography

is the statistical study of human populations, and people whostudy the humanpopulationinclude demographers.

Immigration

(moving into the place/country) is the movement of individuals into a population from other areas.

Emigration

(exiting from a place/country) is the movement of individuals out of a population

Total fertility rate (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

Replacement-level fertility

The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

Life expectancy

The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country

Infant Mortalitity

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 livebirths.

Child mortality

The number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 livebirths

Age structure diagram

A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females.

Population pyramid

An age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries.

Population momentum

Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented

pyramid

this interpretation of age structure occurs in a population that has many young people and a high death rate at each age—and therefore a high birth rate, characteristic of a rapidly growing population and also of a population with a relatively short average lifetime.

column

this interpretation of age structure where the birth rate and death rate are low and a high percentage of the populationiselderly

Bulge

this interpretation of age structure occurs if some event in the past caused a high birth rate or death rate for some age group but not others

Inverted Pyramid

this interpretation of age structure occurs when a population has more older than younger people

Thomas Malthus

studied human population growth and said was growing faster than Earth’s resources

MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION

he said that the population grows exponentially and the food supply grows arithmetically and that a balance between the two can be established through positive and preventive checks

Ecological Footprint

The amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough food and water, shelter, energy and waste

INDUSTRIALIZATION

the change from a farming economy to a machine economy. The “modernizing” of a place.

FACTORY SYSTEM

Making products with employees as quickly as possible.

The War of 1812

pitted the young United States in a war against Great Britain, from whom the American colonies had won their independence in 1783.

Great Smog of London

lethal SMOG that covered the city of London for five days (December 5–9) in 1952, caused by a combination of industrial pollution and highpressure weather conditions.

URBANIZATION

is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city.

Urban Growth

is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Urban Sprawl

can be defined as urban development with low-density housing, both residential and commercial, segregated land-use, high level of automobile use combined with lack of public transport, which is in high demand for land (Johnson, 2001).

Suburb

is a place where people live just outside of a city or town

Urban Heat Island

occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas.

Coal

What is the country’s dominant energy source with a 52 percent share in gross power generation as of December 2018, followed by renewable energy sources (geothermal, hydro, solar, and wind) with 22 percent and natural gas at 21 percent.

Traditional Biomass

the burning of charcoal, crop waste, and other organic matter – is not included

BIOFUEL ENERGY

are a class of renewable energy derived from living materials. The most common biofuels are corn ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas from organic by products.

COAL ENERGY

classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form.

Coal

is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons.

PETROLEUM ENERGY

is a fossil fuel. Like coal and natural gas, petroleum was formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms, such as plants, algae, and bacteria.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

is a type of renewable energy taken from the Earth’s core. It comes from heat generated during the original formation of the planet and the radioactive decay of materials

HYDROPOWER ENERGY

s one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.

SOLAR ENERGY

is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

s the energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom. Atoms are tiny units that make up all matter in the universe, and energy is what holds the nucleus together.

WIND ENERGY

is created using a wind turbine, a device that channels the power of the wind to generate electricity.

Air

is the invisible mixture of gases that surrounds Earth

TROPOSPHERE

Ranging in depth from about 16 km (10 mile) over the equator to about 8 km over the poles, this zone is where most weather events occur

STRATOSPHERE

This atmosphere extends from the tropopause up to about 50 km.

MESOSPHERE (middle layer)

The minimum temperature in this region is about negative 80°C.

THERMOSPHERE

a region of highly ionized gases, extending to about 1600 km

AIR POLLUTION

may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on man and his environment.

Environmental quality

is a general term which can refer to: varied characteristics such as air and water purity or pollution, noise, access to open space, and the visual effects of buildings, and the potential effects which such characteristics may have on physical and mental health (caused by human activities).

Indoor air pollutions

Pollutions from the housing made materials and living and working activities of the house, such as: natural radiation-radon, domestic combustion-coal gas, and human habits tobacco smoking.

Outdoor air pollutions

Pollutions from out door services and environmental mixings, such as: transportation-automobiles, industries-refineries, atomic energy plantnuclear, and community activities-cleaning of streets.

Aerosols

Small solid or liquid particles (fine drops or droplets) that are suspended in air.

Dust

aerosols consist of particles in the solid phase.

Smoke

aerosols consist of particles in the solid and sometimes also liquid-phase and the associated gases that result from combustion.

Ash

aerosols of the solid phase of smoke, particularly after it settles into a fine dust

Particulates

Small particles, that travel in air and settles or lands on something

Fumes

are polydisperse fine aerosols consisting of solid particles that often aggregate together, so that many little particulates may form one big particle

Contamination

is simply the presence of a substance where it should not be or at concentrations above background.

Pollution

is contamination that results in or can result in adverse biological effects to resident communities.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

is a colorless, nonirritating, odorless, and tasteless gas

Lead

is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust.

Ground Level Ozone

forms just above the earth’s surface (up to about 2 miles above ground) and impacts human, animal, and plant respiration

Particulate Matter

the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.

Nitrogen dioxide

is one of a group of highly reactive gases known as oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Sulfur dioxide

is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is a liquid when under pressure, and it dissolves in water very easily.