ACSM Textbook Chapter 1 + 2 Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering physical activity definitions, MET intensities, clinical symptoms of cardiovascular/pulmonary disease, and ACSM cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.

Physical Activity (PA)

Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in an increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure.

Exercise

A type of physical activity (PA) consisting of planned, structured, and preparative bodily movement done to improve and/or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.

Physical fitness

A set of attributes or characteristics individuals have or achieve that relate to their ability to perform Physical Activity (PA) and activities of daily living.

Metabolic Equivalent (MET)

A standardized method for quantifying the intensity of various behaviors; one MET is equivalent to resting metabolic rate, estimated at $3.5\,mL \cdot kg^{-1} \cdot min^{-1}$.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)

The integrated capacity to transport oxygen from the atmosphere to the mitochondria to perform physical work.

Light-intensity PA (MET range)

Physical activity defined as requiring $1.6 - 2.9\,\text{METs}$.

Moderate-intensity PA (MET range)

Physical activity defined as requiring $3.0 - 5.9\,\text{METs}$.

Vigorous-intensity PA (MET range)

Physical activity defined as requiring $\ge 6.0\,\text{METs}$.

Sedentary behavior

Any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure of $\le 1.5\,\text{METs}$ while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture.

Muscular fitness

The functional parameters of muscle strength, endurance, and power.

Musculoskeletal injury (MSI)

The most common exercise-related complication occurring most frequently in the lower extremities (knees, feet, and ankles), often associated with exercise intensity and nature.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) and Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Adverse cardiovascular events typically associated with vigorous-intensity exercise, primarily in individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Medical clearance

Approval from a health care provider to engage in exercise.

Informed consent

An ethical and legal document completed prior to data collection or testing to ensure the participant understands the purposes and risks associated with screening and exercise.

Regular Exercise (ACSM definition)

A history of performing planned, structured physical activity of at least moderate intensity for at least $30\,\text{min}$ on $3$ or more $d \cdot wk^{-1}$ during the past $3\,\text{months}$.

Dyspnea

An abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing; a principal symptom of cardiac and pulmonary disease when it occurs at unexpected levels of exertion.

Syncope

A loss of consciousness, most commonly caused by reduced perfusion of the brain, which may result from cardiac disorders during exercise.

Orthopnea

Dyspnea occurring at rest in the recumbent position that is relieved promptly by sitting upright or standing.

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Dyspnea beginning usually $2 - 5\,h$ after the onset of sleep, often relieved by sitting on the side of the bed or getting out of bed; a symptom of left ventricular dysfunction.

Ankle edema

Swelling that, if bilateral and occurs at night, is a characteristic sign of heart failure or bilateral chronic venous insufficiency.

Intermittent claudication

Pain in the lower extremities caused by inadequate blood supply (usually atherosclerosis) brought on by exercise and relieved within $1 - 2\,min$ of stopping.

CVD Risk Factor: Age

Criteria met if the individual is a man $\ge 45\,yr$ or a woman $\ge 55\,yr$.

CVD Risk Factor: Cigarette smoking

Criteria met if the individual is a current smoker, quit within the previous $6\,mo$, or has exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

CVD Risk Factor: Physical inactivity

Not meeting the minimum threshold of $500 - 1,000\,\text{MET-min}$ of MVPA or $75 - 150\,min \cdot wk^{-1}$ of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity.

CVD Risk Factor: Obesity

Body mass index $\ge 30\,kg \cdot m^{-2}$ or waist girth $> 102\,cm$ ($40\,in$) for men and $> 88\,cm$ ($35\,in$) for women.

CVD Risk Factor: Hypertension

Systolic blood pressure $\ge 130\,mm\,Hg$ and/or diastolic $\ge 80\,mm\,Hg$, based on an average of $\ge 2$ readings on $\ge 2$ occasions, or being on antihypertensive medication.

CVD Risk Factor: Lipids (Dyslipidemia)

LDL-C $\ge 130\,mg \cdot dL^{-1}$ ($3.37\,mmol \cdot L^{-1}$) or HDL-C $< 40\,mg \cdot dL^{-1}$ in men or $< 50\,mg \cdot dL^{-1}$ in women, or being on lipid-lowering medication.

CVD Risk Factor: Blood glucose

Fasting plasma glucose $\ge 100\,mg \cdot dL^{-1}$ ($5.5\,mmol \cdot L^{-1}$); or 2 h plasma glucose in OGTT $\ge 140\,mg \cdot dL^{-1}$; or $$HbA1C \ge 5.7\%$ $.

Negative CVD Risk Factor: HDL-C

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol $\ge 60\,mg \cdot dL^{-1}$ ($1.55\,mmol \cdot L^{-1}$); allows for the subtraction of one positive risk factor from the total sum.