General Biology I Lecture 5 (Part 1)

Slides 1-22

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions in a cell or organisms that break down food for energy and build molecules needed for repair and growth

Endergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that require energy and do not occur spontaneously

Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy, occur spontaneously, and can cause other reactions to start

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Activation Energy

A small amount of energy needed to get a reaction

Enzyme Substrate Complex

A temporary molecule formed when an enzyme binds its specific substrate with hydrogen or ionic bonds and facilitates biochemical reactions

Cofactors

A nonprotein enzyme helper that bonds temporarily made of inorganic ions (Magnesium, Iron)

Magnesium

Interacts with DNA Polymerase by attaching to an activation site and facilitating catalytic activity

Coenzymes

A nonprotein enzyme helper that is made of organic molecules (vitamins, dehydrogenase)

Prosthetic Groups

Cofactors that permanently bonds to a protein with covalent bonds giving it chemical capabilities

Hemoglobin

Contains the prosthetic group Heme that is made of iron and binds to oxygen to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues

Enzyme Inhibition

A molecule that binds to an enzyme t decrease reactivity temporarily or permanently

Normal Binding

Substrate is able to fit perfectly into the activation site of an enzyme

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Inhibitor attaches to an enzyme altering the enzymes shape causing the substrate to be unable to attach

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor competes with substrate for activation site (takes up space)

Biochemical Pathways

Series of enzyme-controlled reactions where the product of one becomes the substrate for the next

Feedback Inhibition (Negative Feedback)

A biochemical pathway that prevents waste by having the end product connect to the allosteric site altering the first enzyme stopping production

Allosteric Site

Specific location on an enzyme where a molecule can bind to alter an enzymes shape to activate or inactivate it

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular process that breakdown glucose with oxygen to make ATP, CO2, and H2O

Redox Reactions

The process that causes a cell to gain or lose electron’s by releasing or storing energy

Hydrolysis

The process that breaks down ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) that releases energy to power cellular functions. Breaking down is done by breaking the bond between an ATP phosphate group

Synthase

Ane enzyme that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) during cellular respiration. Also occurs as electron move down the electron transportation chain

Oxidation

The loss of electrons through a Redux Reaction

Reduction

The gain of electrons through a Redux Reaction

Electron Transport Chain

Decarboxylases

Enzyme that removes carbon molecules from Glucose to form CO2. Breaking down glucose makes it smaller and more manageable

Dehydrogenases

Enzyme that removes hydrogen ions with the help of coenzymes NAD and FAD that carry the taken electrons

NAD

A coenzyme that works as that donates or accepts electrons within ATP production, redux reactions, and cellular metabolism

FAD

A coenzyme that works as an electron carrier in cellular respiration and ATP production

Dinucleotides

An organic compound made out of 2 nucleotides that usually work as coenzymes

Phosphotransferases (kinases)

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from a donor to an acceptor (phosphorylation) during cellular respiration