Final Review

Green algae

The group from which plants evolved.

Waxy cuticle

A structure that reduces water loss in plants.

Stomata

Openings in plants that regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots upward.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports sugars throughout the plant.

Gametophyte

The stage of a plant that produces gametes; it is haploid.

Sporophyte

The diploid stage of a plant that produces spores.

Bryophytes

Plants that lack vascular tissue.

Seedless vascular plants

The first plants that evolved vascular tissue, including ferns.

Gymnosperms

Plants that have naked seeds.

Angiosperms

Plants that produce flowers and fruits.

Seed

Consists of an embryo, food supply, and protective seed coat.

Pollen

Structure that carries the male gamete (sperm) to the female reproductive structures.

Double fertilization

A process in flowering plants where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another combines with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

Endosperm

The tissue that nourishes the developing embryo in plants.

Monocots

Plants that have one cotyledon.

Dicots

Plants that have two cotyledons.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part.

Fertilization

The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote.

Fruit

The mature ovary of a plant that protects and disperses seeds.

Fungi

Organisms that are heterotrophs and absorb nutrients.

Mycelium

The main body of a fungus, made up of a network of hyphae.

Hyphae

Thread-like structures that make up the mycelium of fungi.

Chitin

The molecule that makes up the cell walls of fungi.

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic relationships between fungi and plant roots.

Lichens

Associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.

Collagen

The protein that supports animal tissues.

Bilaterally symmetric

Having left and right halves that are mirror images.

Radially symmetric

Having body parts arranged around a central axis.

Acoelomate

An animal that lacks a body cavity.

Coelomate

An animal that has a true body cavity.

Protostome

An organism in which the blastopore develops into the mouth.

Deuterostome

An organism in which the blastopore develops into the anus.

Porifera

The phylum that includes sponges, which lack true tissues.

Cnidaria

The phylum that includes jellyfish and corals, characterized by stinging cells.

Flatworms

A group of invertebrates known for being acoelomate.

Nematoda

Roundworms that are classified as pseudocoelomates.

Annelida

The phylum that includes segmented worms.

Mollusca

Soft-bodied animals with a foot, mantle, and visceral mass.

Arthropoda

The phylum characterized by exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

Echinodermata

Marine animals with a water vascular system.

Chordata

Animals characterized by having a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

Amniotic egg

An egg that is adapted for life on land.

Evolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over time.

Natural selection

The process where individuals with favorable traits leave more offspring.

Genetic drift

Random change in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.

Gene flow

The movement of alleles between populations through migration.

Mutation

The ultimate source of new genetic variation.

Bottleneck effect

Genetic drift caused by a drastic reduction in population size.

Founder effect

Genetic drift caused by a small group starting a new population.

Homologous structures

Anatomical features that share the same evolutionary origin but have different functions.

Analogous structures

Anatomical features that serve similar functions but evolved differently.