BIO240 EXAM 5 Major Points

Tell me what a gland is? What does it do, what does it produce?

Endocrine system secretes into bloodstream, made of glandular tissue, secretes hormones

2 major classes of hormones?

steroids and amino acid based

steroid and main ex and where it is released and what it does in the cell

lipid soluble, can pass through membrane, act in complex by binding to a receptor or goes in and finds receptor on inside, DIRECT GENE TRANSCRIPTION regulators, goes to nucleus as complex and is TF, regulates gene transcription by binding to intracellular receptor (ex: estrogen), act on target tissue, ex: aldosterone acts on collecting duct and DCT (encourages salt to come into system so water follows), adrenals releasing a lot of these

amino acid based, main ex, what they do in the cell

amino acids, peptides, proteins, ex: insulin, hypothalamus signaling hormones, glucagon gets released to release more glucose into blood and insulin stores glucose out of blood oppose each other (antagonistic) they control a homeostatic mechanism for blood sugar, second messengers (triggers series of events to activate something) within cell

posterior pituitary gland hormones, main ex, where theyre made

Posterior pituitary gland hormones released here synthesized in hypothalamus, provides highway to pp, released in pp, ex: oxytocin during childbirth

ex: oxytocin during childbirth

ACTH, what activates it, if it was stimulated what would happen

adrenocorticotropic hormone, interconnected (adrenals), CRH hormone activates ACTH, if you took a drug to stimulate a ton of ACTH, you will make a bunch of glucocorticoids.

generic endocrine feedback loop

humoral stimuli, what changes, what could happen

change in blood, change in pH or temp, salt concentration, dehydration, see effect on reduced blood glucose, reduced pee, change in bicarbonate levels

hormonal, what changes, what causes it

other hormones, think metabolism, skin, mood, reprod health

neural, what causes, what changes

tell from the outside (if someone hits their head and their awake, check the pupils to see if theyre reacting right), triggered, overstimulated, stress, car accident, see increased HR, sweating, alertness, fight or flight

who makes epinephrine

adrenal medulla in kidney

gibberellins, what they do, who they oppose

think south to north, makes plant grow upward, if you want to slow growth, inhibit them, anytime dormant seed gets watered, gib activated bc they have huge role in germination

Gibberellins and ABA oppose each other, any time a seed wants to germinate, need to inhibit ABA to germinate

ABA, what they do, who they oppose

drought tolerance and to keep seed dormant

Gibberellins and ABA oppose each other, any time a seed wants to germinate, need to inhibit ABA to germinate

ethylene

ripening of fruit

auxin, what it does, who it opposes

cells expand and dont divide with only auxin

apical growth, inhibit axillary growth

cytokinins

cell division only

axillary growth, inhibit apical growth

advantage of sexual reproduction

genetic diversity

Why do we see more evolution in species that asexually reprod

because they can do it faster and always pass on their mutations, accumulate mutations quicker

vas deferens

highway for sperm to get into vagina through ejeculation

oviduct

highway for eggs to get to uterus

describe where vas deferens, prostate gland, and testes are located

describe where/what cervix, corpus luteum and where embryo implantation occurs

uterine cycle (3 phases)

shedding of lining (menstruation) is beginning, menstruation, proliferative (egg matures), secretory phase

ovarian cycle (3 phases)

starts with follicular phase, once you have a follicle, next step is to ovulate, then luteal phase

only thing the same between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

they are both making haploid gametes for reproduction

acrosome, what it does, what happens if doesnt work

part of sperm necessary for sperm to penetrate egg is acrosome (has enzymes) if this does not work, the egg unable to finsih metaphase II so unable to finish meiosis II

Sperm penetrates egg and fertilizes it and then locks down egg, when sperm penetrates, egg gets to finish metaphase II

secondary spermocyte, how many chromatids/chromosomes

23 chromatids, 46 chromosomes (not haploid yet)

if you ovulated and didnt fertilize an egg, what happens

egg dies and body sheds uterine lining in menstruation

spermatogenesis vs oogenesis (3 differences)

all our products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only one of the four becomes an egg

spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood, but women go through more changes throughout life (menopause)

sperm are produced continuously without prolonged interruptions in oogenesis (menstrual cycle)