HN Chem Lap 12/Final Study Guide
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38 Terms
Which is true about the mole?
it measures the amount of a substance, represents 6.02×1023 representative particles of a substance, it’s called Avagordos number?
What is the representative particles in nitrogen dioxide, NO2?
molecule
One mole of carbon contains 6.02×1023 atoms of carbon and it weighs ______ grams.
12 g
What happens when a chemical reaction occurs?
atoms are rearranged to make new products
The Law of Conservation of Mass is obeyed when:
the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products
The kinetic theory of matter states that…
all matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion
How does an airbag help prevent injury in a car crash?
the compression of gas molecules absorbs the impact
What are the units for measuring pressure?
pascals, mm Hg, atmospheres
What are the methods to increase the pressure inside a container of gas, if all other conditions are held constant?
add more gas particles, add heat to the container, decrease volume of container
If salt is dissolved in water, water serves as the:
solvent
What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom and each of the hydrogen atoms in a single water molecule?
polar covalent bond
What type of bond is formed between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of a different water molecule?
hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for which of the unique properties of H2O?
high surface tension, solid ice is less dense than liquid water, low vapor pressure
What types of compounds dissolve in water?
ionic and polar covalent
What expression sums up the dissolving of polar or nonpolar substances?
“Like dissolves Like”
Which operation usually makes a solid substance dissolve faster in a solvent?
agitation or stirring
Thermal pollution is the dumping of heated water into lakes and rivers, lowering dissolved O2 levels, which kills aquatic life. What property of solutions is involved in this scenario?
gases are more soluble in cold water than hot water
Carbonated beverages bottled under high pressure become flat when left uncapped. What property of solutions is involved?
a decrease in the pressure of a gas above a solution decreases the solubility of the gas
In the image to the right, which of the two substances indicated are miscible?
acetone and water
Which are true about heat energy?
it is energy that transfers between objects bc of a temp difference between them; if 2 objects remain in contact, heat will continue to flow until the temp of both objects is the same; heat is represented by the letter q in thermochemistry; heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects
Hot melted wax solidifies as it cools. What process is involved?
exothermic
Ammonium nitrate (the system) dissolves when a cold pack is squeezed, making the cold pack very cold. What process is involved?
endothermic
A 2 kilogram iron frying pan has a greater heat capacity than a 2 gram iron nail. True or False?
true
A 20 kilogram iron sewer cover has a greater heat capacity than a 20 kg puddle of water. True or False?
false
Which of the following household items would be an example of an acidic substance?
Coca-Cola soda, lemons/oranges, car battery
Why is pure water neutral on the pH scale?
it contains equal concentrations of H3O+ and OH- ions
What is an Arrhenius acid?
involve compounds with very polar bonds between H and another very electronegative element
ex. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
Milk of Magnesia, Mg(OH)2, can be taken internally because Mg(OH)2 is very soluble in water and makes a concentrated, strongly basic solution. True or False?
false
What does the following reaction demonstrate?
ionization of an Arrhenius base in water
What does the following reaction demonstrate?
the self-ionization of water
What are the properties of acids?
tastes sour, ionizes to form strong or weak electrolytes, changes color of acid/base indicators, reacts with metals to produce H2 (g)
If the [H+] of a solution is greater than 1×10-7, the solution will be…
acidic
For something to be a base it has to have a pH…
greater than 7
For something to be an acid it has to have a pH..
less than 7
A difference of one unit on the pH scale corresponds to a ______ fold change in the concentration of H3O+ ions.
10
What is the pH of a solution whose [H+]=0.0001 M?
4
What happens when you combine an acid and a base?
a neutralization reaction
When carbon dioxide in the atmosphere combines with water in the oceans, carbonic acid forms. The resulting ecological problem is called ocean…
acidification