Speech Final Exam

Similarities between conversation and public speaking

1. Organized thoughts

2. A tailored message to the audience

3. Tell a story

Differences between conversation and public speaking

1. Public speaking is more structured

2. Public speaking has more formal body language and language

3. Public speaking adapts to listener feedback

Communication elements model

1. Sender (Speaker): Sends the message

2. Message: What the speaker is communicating to someone else

3. Channel: The means by which the message is communicated

4. Listener: Receives the speaker's message

5. Feedback: The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from the listener to the speaker

6. Interference: Anything that block the communication of a message (External or internal)

Levels of communication

1. Intrapersonal: Only you.

2. Interpersonal: Two people.

3. Group: Three or more people.

4. Public: Person speaking to an audience.

5. Mass: TV, internet, radio, newspapers

How to combat nervousness

1. Breathe.

2. Think positive.

3. Visualize a successful speech.

4. Practice.

5. Sleep

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Ethics

Issues of right or wrong (morally)

Guidelines for ethical speaking

1. Your goals should be ethically sound

2. Be fully prepared

3. Be honest

4. Avoid name-calling (be rhetorically sensitive)

5. Avoid plagiarism

Who is responsible for ethical communication?

Both the speaker and the listener

Ethical guidelines for listeners

1. Be courteous and attentive

2. Don't prejudge

3. Allow for the free/open expression of ideas

Global plagiarism

The entire speech is stolen and passed off as your own

Patchwork Plagiarism

Stealing ideas from 2-3 sources and using it as your own

Incremental Plagiarism

Failing to give credit for parts of a speech borrowed from a source

Obstacles to effective listening

1. Not concentrating

2. Listening too hard

3. Jumping to conclusions

4. Focusing on delivery/ appearance

Appreciative listening

Listening for the pleasure (Music)

Empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker (psychiatrist)

Comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of the speaker (Director)

Critical listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. (Sales pitch)

Listening

Paying close attention to what is being said

Hearing

Physicality of sound waves on eardrums

Steps to become a better listener

1. Take listening seriously

2. Be an active listener

3. Resist distractions

4. Don't be diverted by appearance

5. Suspend judgement

6. Focus your listening

7. Develop note taking skills

General purpose for public speaking

1. To demonstrate/ entertain (To demonstrate how to...)

2. To inform (To inform the audience about...)

3. To persuade (To persuade the audience about the benefits of...)

Central Idea

Similar to a thesis statement and introduces the subject

Egocentric

"What do I care/ what's in it for me?"

Demographic audience analysis

1. Age

2. Gender

3. Religion

4. Sexual orientation

5. Race/ ethnicity/ culture

6. Group membership

Situational audience analysis

1. Size (How many are in the audience)

2. Physical setting

3 Audience's disposition toward the topic (Interest, knowledge, attitude)

Periodical database

Articles in publications that appear in a new edition on a regular basis (Newspapers, magazines)

Supporting materials

1. Examples: Specific case to illustrate an idea (story)

2. Testimony: Quotes or paraphrases (From an expert)

3. Statistics: Numbers on the subject

Tips for using statistics

1. Use tips sparingly

2. Identify the sources of your statistics

3. Explain your statistics

How to properly cite a source orally

Say the name of the publication and the date

Transition

A word or phrase connecting ideas (Gets you from point A to point B)

Signposts

Words used to let the audience know where the speaker is (First, Second, Finally, In Conclusion)

Internal Previews

Statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next...more detailed

Topical Order

Divides topics into mini subtopics

Causal Order

Main points show cause- effect relationship

Chronological Order

Main points follow time sequence

Spatial Order

Main points show directional movement

Problem- Solution Order

First main point- The problem

Second main point- The solution

Common parts of introductions

1. Gain attention

2. Central idea (Background on the topic)

3. Audience goodwill (Why should they care?)

4. Credibility (Why are you the one to tell us)

5. Preview (Today I am going to...)

Common parts of conclusions

1. Signal (In conclusion)

2. Review (Today I told you...)

3. Final positive message (Help to make your speech memorable)

Denotative

Definition meaning of a word

Connotative

Meaning suggested by associations and emotions

Inclusive language

Does not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation (Avoid using "he" generically and using "man" when referring to men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs, and social roles by gender)

How to add imagery to a speech

1. Concrete words (call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste)

2. Similes

3. Metaphors

How to add rhythm to a speech

1. Parallelism: The similar arrangement of a pair of words, phrases, or sentences

2. Repetition: Reiterating a set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

3. Alliteration

4. Antithesis: Juxtaposition of ideas

Impromptu delivery

Little or no immediate preparation

Extemporaneous delivery

Carefully prepared and rehearsed and presented with brief notes

Memorized delivery

Written out full, word for word, memorized and delivered without notes

Manuscript delivery

Written out fully and read to the audience

Articulation

Physical production of speech sounds

Pronunciation

Accepted standard of sound and rhythm in a given language

Verbal (Vocalized) Pause

When the speaker say "Uh", "Um", etc.

Informative speaking

The speaker acts as a lecturer or teacher

Kinds of informative speaking

1. Objects: A place or thing (The Saint Louis Arch)

2. Processes: How something is made, done, or works (Magic tricks)

3. Events: A ceremony, concert, cultural tradition (Mardi Gras parade)

4. Concepts: Belief, theory, idea, notion, principles (Homeschooling)

Persuasion

The action or fact of persuading someone to believe something

Types of persuasive speaking

1. Question/assertion of fact: To persuade your audience that something is true or false

2. Question/assertion of value: To persuade your audience that something is morally wrong

3. Question/assertion of policy: To persuade your audience that something should change

Target Audience

Portion of the audience the speaker most wants to persuade. Those who are unsure or don't care about your topic.

Ethos

Prove to the audience that your are credible

1. Initial: When you come up to speak

2. Derived: When you are speaking

3. Terminal: At the end of the speech

Pathos

Show passion/interest in your subject (emotions)

Logos

Utilize a logical argument (evidence/reasoning)

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. Attention : Gain attention (tell a story about your topic)

2. Need: Tell us why we need this change- tell us what the problem is

3. Satisfaction: Tell us the solution to the problem

4. Visualization: What will the world look like once your suggested change is realized

5. Action: What the audience needs to do. How they can help

Reasoning from principle (Inductive)

-My speech class is easy.

-My friend's speech class was easy.

-My brother's speech class was easy.

-Speech class at MVCC is easy

Reasoning from principle (Deductive)

-U.S. Constitution (major premise or principle) guarantees U.S. citizens the right to vote.

-Women are U.S. citizens

Causal Reasoning

Global warming is caused by pollution

Analogical Reasoning

Comparing two cases that are similar

Fallacies

1. Hasty Generalization: Insufficient evidence to support your claim

2. False Cause: Because one event follows the other, the first event is the cause of the second

3. Invalid Analogy: Comparing two things that aren't alike

4. Bandwagon: Because it is popular, it is good/ correct, etc.

5. Red Herring: Introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention away from the issue at hand.

6. Ad Hominem: Attacking the person, not the issue

7. Either-Or: Assuming there are only two solutions to a problem

8. Slippery Slope: 1st step will necessarily lead to a second step, etc. etc. etc. (AKA: snowball effect)

9. Appeal to tradition: Something old is always better than something new.... "because we've always done it that way..."

Speeches of Introduction

Introduce someone

1. Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker.

2. Build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic.

3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.

Speech of Presentation

Tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award. Point out his or her contributions, achievements, and so forth. Focus on achievements related to the award, and discuss these achievements in a way that will make them meaningful to the audience.

Speech of Acceptance

Give thanks for a gift or an award. When giving such a speech, you thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it.

Commemorative Speech

Speeches of praise or celebration. Eulogies, Fourth of July speeches, and dedications are examples of commemorative speeches.

Small Group Communication

Small enough to allow free discussion among all members. In small-group communication, all participants are potentially speakers and listeners.

Responsibilities of small group members

1. Commit yourself to the goals of your group

2. Fulfill individual assignments

3. Avoid interpersonal conflicts

4. Encourage full participation

5. Keep the discussion on track

Different types of leaders in a small group

1. Implied Leader: Group defers to this person because of their rank or expertise

2. Emergent Leader: This person emerges as leader - strong personality- seems to have knowledge of topic

3. Designated Leader: Appointed and/or elected leader