Earth and Space Test 3 (2/2)

27 Maret 2026

Fluctuations of climate are normal

Ice ages and warm period have occurred before

Current temperatures are slightly … than ever observed

Higher

Good points are made throughout the chapter, but interpretation of data is shaped by ..

Worldview

Climate data is often misconstructed to …

Push agendas, climate activism is not the answer

…% of the earth is covered by water

70%

Continental shelf

A general (gradual) sloping of the ocean bottom from the shore

Continental slope

A steel from off from the continental shelf around 2 km offshore

Continental rise

An accumulation of debris at the end of the slope

Abyssal plain

The flat ocean floor

The abyssal plain averages … deep

3.7 km (2 miles)

Found in abyssal plain

1. Ocean ridges (underwater mountain)

2. Trenches

Cast amounts of earth’s water is…

Seawater

Most freshwater is in the form of …

Glaciers

Tsunamis

Massive ocean waves created by earthquakes displacing water

Wave shoaling

wave heights increases as the wave’s energy is compressed into a vertical space

Waves

Rhythmic motions that transfer energy

Breaks

Wave collapses forward

Surf

Foaming eater left from a wave breaking along a shore

Ocean currents

movement of the water

2 types of ocean currents

1. Surface currents

2. Deep-sea Currents

Surface currents are driven by …

The wind

Example of a surface current

Rip current

Rip current (surface currents)

A narrow, fast current of water that moves directly away from the beach

Deep-sea currents are driven by

1. Thermohaline circulation

2. Upwelling

Thermohaline circulation (deep-sea currents)

salty water = dense = sink

cold water= not much energy = molecules close together = sink

Upwelling (deep-sea currents)

The upward flow of water

Tides

The periodic rise and fall of ocean waters produced by gravitational attraction

Primary cause of tides

The moon

2.5 times stronger where the moon is

wherever the moon is, the high tide will be there and also the direct opposite side of the earth

2 types of tides

• Spring tide

• Neap tide

Spring tides

More pronounced tides (high highs and low lows)

full moon

Neap tides

Less pronounced tides

half moon

Equatorial current

Water driven by the trade winds near the equator

Gyres

Massive whirlpools flowing in each of the oceans (circular current)

Father of ocean currents

Maury

Garbage pactches

Garbage that collects in the center of the gyres

Gulf stream

Part of the North Atlantic gyre that keeps the eastern shore and the British Isles warmer

California currents

Cold current from the Pacific gyre