1_Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Their Functions and Structure

Thyrotropin- releasing hormone

• Gland/Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

• Function: Stimulates secretion of thyroid- stimulating hormone and prolactin

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Corticotropin- releasing hormone

• Gland/Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

• Function: Causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

• Gland/Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

• Function: Causes release of growth hormone

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

• Gland/Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

• Function: Inhibits release of growth hormone

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone

• Gland/Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

• Function: Causes release of luteinizing hormone and follicle- stimulating hormone

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Dopamine or prolactin- inhibiting factor

• Gland/Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

• Function: Inhibits release of prolactin

• Chemical Structure: Amine

What Hormone?

Growth hormone

• Gland/Tissue: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Thyroid- stimulating hormone

• Gland/Tissue: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

• Gland/Tissue: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Prolactin

• Gland/Tissue: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Promotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milk

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Follicle- stimulating hormone

• Gland/Tissue: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Luteinizing hormone

• Gland/Tissue: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin)

• Gland/Tissue: POSTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Oxytocin

• Gland/Tissue: POSTERIOR PITUITARY

• Function: Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

• Gland/Tissue: THYROID

• Function: Increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rate

• Chemical Structure: Amine

What Hormone?

Calcitonin

• Gland/Tissue: THYROID

• Function: Promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Cortisol

• Gland/Tissue: ADRENAL CORTEX

• Function: Has multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti- inflammatory effects

• Chemical Structure: Steroid

What Hormone?

Aldosterone

• Gland/Tissue: ADRENAL CORTEX

• Function: ncreases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion

• Chemical Structure: Steroid

What Hormone?

Norepinephrine, epinephrine

• Gland/Tissue: ADRENAL MEDULLA

• Function: Same effects as sympathetic stimulation

• Chemical Structure: Amine

What Hormone?

Insulin (beta cells)

• Gland/Tissue: PANCREAS

• Function: Promotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolism

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Glucagon ( cells)

• Gland/Tissue: PANCREAS

• Function: Increases synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluids

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Parathyroid hormone

• Gland/Tissue: PARATHYROID

• Function: Controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Testosterone

• Gland/Tissue: TESTES

• Function: Promotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics

• Chemical Structure: Steroid

What Hormone?

Estrogens

• Gland/Tissue: OVARIES and PLACENTA

• Function: Promotes growth and development of female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristics

• Chemical Structure: Steroid

What Hormone?

Progesterone

• Gland/Tissue: OVARIES and PLACENTA

• Function: Stimulates secretion of “uterine milk” by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes development of secretory apparatus of breasts

• Chemical Structure: Steroid

What Hormone?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

• Gland/Tissue: PLACENTA

• Function: Promotes growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteum

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Human somatomammotropin

• Gland/Tissue: PLACENTA

• Function: Probably helps promote development of some fetal tissues, as well as the mother’s breasts

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Renin

• Gland/Tissue: KIDNEY

• Function: Catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (acts as an enzyme)

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol

• Gland/Tissue: KIDNEY

• Function: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization

• Chemical Structure: Steroid

What Hormone?

Erythropoietin

• Gland/Tissue: KIDNEY

• Function: Increases erythrocyte production

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Atrial natriuretic peptide

• Gland/Tissue: HEART

• Function: Increases sodium excretion by kidneys, reduces blood pressure

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Gastrin

• Gland/Tissue: GASTRIN

• Function: Stimulates hydrogen chloride secretion by parietal cells

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Secretin

• Gland/Tissue: SMALL INTESTINE

• Function: Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and water

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Cholecystokinin

• Gland/Tissue: SMALL INTESTINE

• Function: Stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymes

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Leptin

• Gland/Tissue: ADIPOCYTES

• Function: Inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis

• Chemical Structure: Peptide

What Hormone?

Hypothalamus

• Thyrotropin- releasing hormone

• Corticotropin- releasing hormone

• Growth hormone–releasing hormone

• Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (somatostatin)

• Gonadotropin- releasing hormone

• Dopamine or prolactin- inhibiting factor

Anterior pituitary

• Growth hormone

• Thyroid- stimulating hormone

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone

• Prolactin

• Follicle- stimulating hormone

• Luteinizing hormone

Posterior pituitary

• Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin)

• Oxytocin

Thyroid

• Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

• Calcitonin

Adrenal cortex

• Cortisol

• Aldosterone

Adrenal medulla

• Norepinephrine, epinephrine

Pancreas

• Insulin (beta cells)

• Glucagon ( cells)

Parathyroid

• Parathyroid hormone

Testes

• Testosterone

Ovaries

• Estrogens

• Progesterone

Placenta

• Human chorionic gonadotropin

• Human somatomammotropin

• Estrogens

• Progesterone

Kidney

• Renin

• 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol

• Erythropoietin

Heart

• Atrial natriuretic peptide

Stomach

• Gastrin

Small intestine

• Secretin

• Cholecystokinin

Adipocytes

• Leptin