Lecture Review: Biology, Genetics, and Algebra Basics

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering cell biology, genetics, mitosis, photosynthesis, and basic algebraic equations from the student's lecture notes.

Active transport

Movement against where it moves; it uses protein Pumps and energy to move substances from low to high concentration.

exocytosis

The process where large things leave the cell.

endocytosis

The process that takes things in to the cell.

Osmosis

The way water moves from high concentration to low; it is the opposite of reverse Osmosis; the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Passive transport

Movement that requires no energy and goes from high to low.

CARBON

The Backbone of Macromolecules.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of all proteins.

hypertonic

A solution with more Concentration.

hypotonic

A solution with less Concentration.

Isotonic

A solution with the Same Concentration.

enzyme

A substance that requires less energy and involves an active site and a substrate

Vacuole

A cell organelle described as $69$ circic. stores water

Ribosomes

Small cell organelles found in the cytoplasm. makes proteins

lysosome

A medium-sized cell organelle.

ATP

An energy molocule with $3$ phospates and $2$ bonds; it stores energy in bonds and releases energy when the bond breaks.

ADP

An energy molocule with $2$ phospates and $1$ bond.

Amp

A molecule with $1$ phosphate and $0$ bonds that is not an energy Molecule.

xylem

a plant tissue that functions like a plumbing system, transporting water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the stem and leaves

Photosynthesis

$$6CO_2+6H_2O\text{ Sunlight}\rightarrow\text{ }C_6H_{12}O_6+60_2$$

fermentation

Process that occurs in the cell when no oxygen is present, causing lactic acid build up.

chlorophyll

The substance in the Cloroplast that turns it green.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes are in the Middle.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes are at opposite sides.

Prophase

The stage of mitosis where structures start to form.

telophase

The stage of mitosis where cells separate.

Zygote

A fertiles egg; in humans, this contains $46$ Chromosomes ($2n$).

interphase

Phase where the cell is growing; it is the phase where most cells spend most of their time.

Chromosomes

Structures made of $2$ Cromatids and a centromere

mRNA

Molecule that takes info from the nucleous to the outside.

Central Dogma

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

nonsense mutation

A mutation that creates a stop codon before it is meant to

codon

Sequence where every amino acid has one; for example, $321$ amino acids = $321$ codons.

Rosalind Frankin

The person who took the first DNA Pic. used x-ray refraction

Fredrick Griffith

Scientist who made transformation of cell goes to other.

translation

The process where TRNA brings Amino acids to ribosoms.

ATP Synthesis

Enzymes that turn ADP into ATP.

thylokoid

A small disc-shaped sac inside a plant’s chloroplast where photosynthesis begins

Mitochondria

Organelle that converts energy to food for the cell.

BTB

A PH Indocater that changes from blue to yellow when car yous into.

Cyclin

A protein that regulates things in eukacion cells.

Pollen

The male sex cell in plants.

founder affect

Effect that impacts a Small population the most.

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food using sunlight.

Embryology

The study that shows organisms have a Common ancestor.

Analogous

Structures with the same function but a different structure.

adaptation

Changing to Survive.

Vestigial structures

Parts of the body that an organism does not need any more.

natural selection

When a species has something to help them.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Classification from most inclusive to least: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, family, Genus, species.